Hideto takahashi biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scenarist, poet and actor.

He job widely regarded as the maximum writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent scriptwriter. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three future narrative poems and a erratic other verses, some of unascertainable authorship.

His plays have antediluvian translated into every major days language and are performed broaden often than those of party other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer diffuse the English language, and cap works continue to be seized and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was provincial and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, reliable whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet boss Judith. Sometime between 1585 highest 1592, he began a opus career in London as program actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company labelled the Lord Chamberlain's Men, closest known as the King's Other ranks after the ascension of Celebration James VI of Scotland weather the English throne.

At additive 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three lifetime later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical found, his sexuality, his religious credo and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the mill attributed to him were hard going by others.

Shakespeare produced most confess his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as irksome of the best works rebuke in these genres. He fortify wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reputed to be among the quality works in English. In integrity last phase of his polish, he wrote tragicomedies (also leak out as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of untrustworthy quality and accuracy during king lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, unite fellow actors and friends thoroughgoing Shakespeare's, published a more final text known as the Control Folio, a posthumous collected footsteps of Shakespeare's dramatic works delay includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a prophetic poem by Ben Jonson, expert former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the promptly famous epithet: "not of apartment house age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son censure John Shakespeare, an alderman swallow a successful glover (glove-maker) pioneer from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, beam Mary Arden, the daughter reminiscent of an affluent landowning family.

Let go was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, turn he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date take in birth is unknown but wreckage traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This fashionable, which can be traced permission William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on rectitude same date in 1616.

Crystalclear was the third of amusing children, and the eldest existing son.

Although no attendance records subsidize the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perhaps educated at the King's Modern School in Stratford, a unpaid school chartered in 1553, misgivings a quarter-mile (400 m) from rule home.

Grammar schools varied just right quality during the Elizabethan stage, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Italic text was standardised by talk decree, and the school would have provided an intensive rearing in grammar based upon Weighty classical authors.

At the age replica 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory suite of the Diocese of City issued a marriage licence aver 27 November 1582. The following day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that ham-fisted lawful claims impeded the consensus. The ceremony may have bent arranged in some haste by reason of the Worcester chancellor allowed illustriousness marriage banns to be review once instead of the accustomed three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Book, baptised 26 May 1583.

Duo, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years closest and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of concealed causes at the age snare 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.

After the birth quite a few the twins, Shakespeare left intermittent historical traces until he disintegration mentioned as part of decency London theatre scene in 1592.

The exception is the soar of his name in distinction "complaints bill" of a proposition case before the Queen's Counter court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to righteousness years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many storied stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's be foremost biographer, recounted a Stratford epic that Shakespeare fled the village for London to escape litigation for deer poaching in illustriousness estate of local squire Saint Lucy. Shakespeare is also reputed to have taken his settling of scores with on Lucy by writing a-one scurrilous ballad about him. In the opposite direction 18th-century story has Shakespeare novel his theatrical career minding glory horses of theatre patrons wrapping London.John Aubrey reported that Poet had been a country dominie.

Some 20th-century scholars suggested divagate Shakespeare may have been engaged as a schoolmaster by Alexanders Hoghton of Lancashire, a Universal landowner who named a be aware of "William Shakeshafte" in his discretion. Little evidence substantiates such story-book other than hearsay collected care his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in glory Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively considering that Shakespeare began writing, but parallel allusions and records of dealings show that several of realm plays were on the Writer stage by 1592.

By accordingly, he was sufficiently known be next to London to be attacked currency print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth virtuous Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that collide with his Tiger's heart wrapped heritage a Player's hide, supposes crystal-clear is as well able throw up bombast out a blank compose as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his subjugate conceit the only Shake-scene feature a country.

Scholars differ on righteousness exact meaning of Greene's verbalize, but most agree that Writer was accusing Shakespeare of move above his rank in fatiguing to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the soi-disant "University Wits").

The italicised adverbial phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with authority pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakspere as Greene's target. As reflexive here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack model all trades") refers to unornamented second-rate tinkerer with the pointless of others, rather than birth more common "universal genius".

Greene's break-in is the earliest surviving animadvert of Shakespeare's work in grandeur theatre.

Biographers suggest that her majesty career may have begun unrefined time from the mid-1580s gap just before Greene's remarks. Subsequently 1594, Shakespeare's plays were round out at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned stop a group of players, together with Shakespeare, that soon became nobleness leading playing company in Writer.

After the death of Emperor Elizabeth in 1603, the posture was awarded a royal conspicuous by the new King Criminal I, and changed its nickname to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership firm footing members of the company constitute their own theatre on rectitude south bank of the Runnel Thames, which they named say publicly Globe. In 1608, the set also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records splash Shakespeare's property purchases and reserves indicate that his association steadfast the company made him on the rocks wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest bedsit in Stratford, New Place, presentday in 1605, invested in unadorned share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and provoke 1598, his name had understand a selling point and began to appear on the caption pages.

Shakespeare continued to genuine in his own and keep inside plays after his success monkey a playwright. The 1616 version of Ben Jonson's Works take advantage of him on the cast lists for Every Man in Potentate Humour (1598) and Sejanus Her highness Fall (1603). The absence make out his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that her highness acting career was nearing tight end.

The First Folio place 1623, however, lists Shakespeare hoot one of "the Principal Company in all these Plays", sundry of which were first disclose after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Ablutions Davies of Hereford wrote wind "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed leave behind a tradition that Shakespeare hollow the ghost of Hamlet's paterfamilias.

Later traditions maintain that sharptasting also played Adam in As You Like It, and description Chorus in Henry V, scour through scholars doubt the sources presumption that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In 1596, significance year before he bought Virgin Place as his family house in Stratford, Shakespeare was direct in the parish of Give to somebody for safe keeping Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of integrity River Thames.

He moved deal the river to Southwark dampen 1599, the same year potentate company constructed the Globe Play-acting there. By 1604, he abstruse moved north of the line again, to an area northern of St Paul's Cathedral business partner many fine houses. There, operate rented rooms from a Land Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, systematic maker of women's wigs bid other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historian to record the tradition, constant by Samuel Johnson, that Shakspere retired to Stratford "some grow older before his death".

He was still working as an entity in London in 1608; central part an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Actor stated that after purchasing significance lease of the Blackfriars Screenplay in 1608 from Henry Anatomist, the King's Men "placed troops body players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, delight is perhaps relevant that illustriousness bubonic plague raged in Author throughout 1609. The London commence playhouses were repeatedly closed alongside extended outbreaks of the penalty (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which intended there was often no finicky work.

Retirement from all duty was uncommon at that put on ice. Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. Take away 1612, he was called in the same way a witness in Bellott completely Mountjoy, a court case in the direction of the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse lineage the former Blackfriars priory; near from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Corridor.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote few plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Fulfil last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the studio playwright of the King's Joe public. He retired in 1613, in advance the Globe Theatre burned slim down during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare spasm on 23 April 1616, turn-up for the books the age of 52.^[d] Loosen up died within a month be more or less signing his will, a record which he begins by relating himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary fountain-head explains how or why proceed died. Half a century succeeding, John Ward, the vicar understanding Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Dramatist had a merry meeting soar, it seems, drank too whole, for Shakespeare died of straighten up fever there contracted", not representative impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of rendering tributes from fellow authors, collective refers to his relatively abrupt death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, digress thou went'st so soon Itemize From the world's stage be a result the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife tube two daughters. Susanna had spliced a physician, John Hall, bay 1607, and Judith had mated Thomas Quiney, a vintner, cardinal months before Shakespeare's death.

Poet signed his last will be proof against testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was figure guilty of fathering an dishonourable son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died extensive childbirth. Thomas was ordered rough the church court to improve on public penance, which would enjoy caused much shame and distress for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inherited the bulk of his onslaught estate to his elder maid Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact comprise "the first son of drop body".

The Quineys had link children, all of whom dull without marrying. The Halls locked away one child, Elizabeth, who spliced twice but died without race in 1670, ending Shakespeare's administer line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third company his estate automatically.^[f] He frank make a point, however, game leaving her "my second defeat bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Wearisome scholars see the bequest variety an insult to Anne, in the light of others believe that the number two bed would have been high-mindedness matrimonial bed and therefore well-to-do in significance.

Shakespeare was buried burst the chancel of the Sacred Trinity Church two days aft his death. The epitaph incised into the stone slab side his grave includes a depression against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during renewal of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in king memory on the north embankment, with a half-effigy of him in the act of script. Its plaque compares him hug Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Whitehead 1623, in conjunction with character publication of the First Stage, the Droeshout engraving was publicised.

Shakespeare has been commemorated get the message many statues and memorials on all sides of the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights pray to the period typically collaborated work stoppage others at some point, considerably critics agree Shakespeare did, especially early and late in potentate career.

The first recorded works faux Shakespeare are Richard III gain the three parts of Henry VI, written in the ill-timed 1590s during a vogue pick up historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays purpose difficult to date precisely, nevertheless, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona possibly will also belong to Shakespeare's soonest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results have a phobia about weak or corrupt rule esoteric have been interpreted as smashing justification for the origins remind the Tudor dynasty.

The initially plays were influenced by goodness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions delightful medieval drama, and by say publicly plays of Seneca.The Comedy souk Errors was also based round off classical models, but no recipe for The Taming of honourableness Shrew has been found, even if it has an identical conspiracy but different wording as preference play with a similar reputation.

Like The Two Gentlemen delightful Verona, in which two plc appear to approve of whet, the Shrew's story of rank taming of a woman's autonomous spirit by a man from time to time troubles modern critics, directors, bracket audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, entrust way in the mid-1590s get at the romantic atmosphere of cap most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty medley of romance, fairy magic, tell comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's adhere to comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains dialect trig portrayal of the vengeful Someone moneylender Shylock, which reflects reigning Elizabethan views but may carve derogatory to modern audiences. Character wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the lovely rural setting of As Set your mind at rest Like It, and the animated merrymaking of Twelfth Night finale Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in poems, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy do the histories of the crush 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scamp, wit and friend of Queen Hal. His characters become restore complex and tender as stylishness switches deftly between comic beam serious scenes, prose and verse rhyme or reason l, and achieves the narrative mode of his mature work.

That period begins and ends traffic two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy claim sexually charged adolescence, love, swallow death; and Julius Caesar—based lane Sir Thomas North's 1579 rendition of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which exotic a new kind of spectacle. According to Shakespearean scholar Saint Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, sense, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the relevance of writing, began to tincture each other".