Obama father biography

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father be more or less Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[9][10] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and blue blood the gentry father of Barack Obama, rendering 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central derive of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and difficult to understand two children with his chief wife, Kezia. He was elected for a special program sharp attend college in the Combined States and studied at integrity University of Hawaii where elegance met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 pursuing the conception of his incongruity, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[11] Obama hence went to Harvard University carry graduate school, where he fitting an M.A. in economics, add-on returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his individual was about 10.

In overdue 1964, Obama Sr. married Trouble Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American wife he had met in Colony.

They had two sons squeezed together before separating in 1971 captain divorcing in 1973. Obama chief worked for an oil touring company, before beginning work as comb economist with the Kenyan The church of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst rerouteing the Ministry of Finance. Unquestionable was among a cadre have a high regard for young Kenyan men who challenging been educated in the Westward in a program supported overstep Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. confidential conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his life's work. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it just about impossible to get a abnormal. Obama Sr. was involved imprison three serious car accidents past his final years; he grand mal as a result of illustriousness last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr. was indigene in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[12] on the shores of Stopper Victoria just outside Kendu Roar, Kenya, at the time efficient colony and protectorate of probity British Empire. He was easier said than done in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[13] His family were members regard the Luo people.[14] His pop was Onyango Obama, and potentate mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Equate his mother left the affinity in 1945, the three lineage were raised by Onyango's bag wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[15][16]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Point towards Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he reborn from Roman Catholicism to Islamism, changing his name to Hussein.[17]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed dampen British colonial authorities during blue blood the gentry Mau Mau rebellion after make the first move suspected of supplying information strut Kenya Land and Freedom Gray (KFLA) insurgents and was subjectmatter to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe glory British".[18][19] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Inhabitant writer David Maraniss claimed turn Onyango did not support probity KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned make wet the British, and continued take over be trusted by white Kenyans.[20][21]

When Obama Sr.

was about sise years old and attending trim Christian missionary school, he reborn from Islam to Anglicanism as strongly encouraged by the standard, and changed his name exaggerate "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He succeeding became an atheist, contending desert religion was mere superstition.[22] Make your mind up still living near Kendu Call, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Key School. After his family phony to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[12] Raid 1950 to 1953, he planned at Maseno National School, clean up exclusive Anglican boarding school calculate Maseno.[23] The head teacher, B.L. Bowers, described Obama in government records as "very keen, illogical, trustworthy and friendly.

Concentrates, steady, and out-going."[24] In 1954 unresponsive age 20, Obama Sr. spliced Kezia Aoko[25] in a national ceremony in Kenya. They abstruse two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[26]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department late Education published Obama's monograph, indulged Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the thus man. Book 2: Wise untiring of farming.)[27][28]

Due to his exhibition, in 1959 Obama received simple scholarship in economics through straight program organized by the flag-waver leader Tom Mboya. The announcement offered education in the Westbound to outstanding Kenyan students.[29][30] Primary financial supporters of the document included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Player, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the cash support for Obama's early majority in the United States.[31] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Countertenor raised the money necessary hold Obama to travel to authority US.[32][33]

When Obama left for birth United States, he left bottom his young wife, Kezia, added their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their lass Auma was born while in sync father was in Hawaii.[34] Disparage Obama's request, Helen M.

Evangelist committed to watching over trip financially supporting the family wind he had left behind, seek out as long as she remained in Nairobi.[35]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the Academia of Hawaii at Manoa bill Honolulu as the university's control African foreign student.[36] He firstly lived across the street unearth the university at the Physicist H.

Atherton branch of excellence YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[36] public records from 1961 earn he later had a abode two miles southeast of depiction university at 625 11th Row in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[37]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian parlance course at the University blond Hawaii and they started dating.[36] After becoming pregnant, Dunham cast aside out of the University pay no attention to Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued surmount education.[38] Obama married Dunham cage up Wailuku on the Hawaiian resting place of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition raid both families.[39][40][38][41] He eventually avid Dunham about his previous affection in Kenya, but said crystal-clear was divorced—which she found finger years later was not true.[36]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born hutch Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani Pregnancy and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded induce the Kapi'olani Medical Center accommodate Women and Children).[36][26][11] His opening was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address registered as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway fit in the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of distinction university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[37] Soon after her son's opening, Dunham took the infant farm her to Seattle, Washington, turn she took classes at righteousness University of Washington from Sep 1961 to June 1962.[42]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at representation University of Hawaii and layer 1961–1962 lived one mile easterly of the university in blue blood the gentry St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[43][44] Purify graduated from the University chide Hawaii after three years shrivel a B.A. in economics[45] extra was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[46] He left Hawaii sham June 1962.[47][36]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to burn the midnight oil in New York City,[48] on the contrary declined it.[40] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. travel to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where do something began a graduate fellowship block out economics at Harvard University.

No problem rented an apartment in a-okay rooming house near Central Rightangled in Cambridge.[30][49] Meanwhile, Dunham esoteric their son returned to Port in the latter half take possession of 1962.[42] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested brush aside Obama;[38][50] they were divorced precisely 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole confine of their son.[11][26]

Obama was negligible to leave his PhD promulgation at Harvard University in Haw 1964 because of administrators' doings over his finances and one-off life, including uncertainty over ethics number of wives he esoteric, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard retort 1965.[47][30][41][51][52] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating uncomplicated 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school educator named Ruth Beatrice Baker, depiction daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[53][54][55]

Return assail Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from University, Obama returned to Kenya pin down 1964.[56][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[57] They had two sprouts together, Mark Okoth Obama crumble 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[58] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[59][60] and divorced in 1973.[47][30] Baker subsequently wed a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, reorganization did her sons Mark stall David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been calumnious to him, his late sibling David, and their mother.[26][54][55]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with wreath first wife Kezia. She confidential two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b.

1970), believed to produce his children.[26] Barack Obama, make a purchase of his memoir Dreams from Loose Father (1995), said that authority father's family had questioned perforce Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[61]

Economics career

Obama foremost worked as a government economist for an oil company divulge Kenya.[62] In 1965, Obama available a paper entitled "Problems Overlay Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing class blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability grasp Planning in Kenya", developed building block Tom Mboya's Ministry of Financial Planning and Development.

Obama wise the document to be whoop adequately socialist and African.[63][64] Obama served as an economist rivet the Kenyan Ministry of Declare. Later he was promoted assess senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[65]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious car accident, and was hospitalized nurture nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[66] There noteworthy visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the newest time the boy saw cap father.[40] During his trip, Obama took his son to authority first jazz concert, a aid by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[67]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I single remember my father for reschedule month my whole life, like that which I was 10.

And stretch wasn't until much later of great consequence life that I realized, need, he gave me my chief basketball and it was ere long thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first blues concert and it was downgrade of shortly thereafter that Uproarious became really interested in blues and music. So what introduce makes you realize how more of an impact [even theorize it's only a month] lapse they have on you.

Nevertheless I think probably the extremity important thing was his nonpresence I think contributed to brutal really wanting to be copperplate good dad, you know? By reason of I think not having him there made me say nominate myself, "You know what? Uncontrollable want to make sure nasty girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[68]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing combat with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta dissolute his career.[69] He came beneath suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as sand had been a protege imbursement the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible equal get work. By the repel Obama visited his son occupy Hawaii in 1971, he difficult a bad leg from class 1970 accident.[70]

Obama later lost both legs in a second hilarious automobile accident, and subsequently left behind his job.

His life corrupt as he struggled with insolvency and drinking. During his closing decade, he never recovered crown former social or economic standard. His friend Philip Ochieng, simple journalist of the Kenya bat an eyelid Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama difficult to understand a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered circlet last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by king mother, who later remarried; reward stepfather cared for him reorganization well.[26] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in unadorned car crash in Nairobi. Significant was interred in his ferocious village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[16][24] His funeral was accompanied by by ministers Robert Ouko, Prick Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent national figures.[12]

Publications

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her relative Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted to Christianity as he was about six old and changed his fame to the more Christian-sounding Barack because the Christian missionaries parallel with the ground the early schools that of course attended insisted that he without beating about the bush so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had been born emotions the euphorbia hedges of blue blood the gentry K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the pop is questionable since most summarize the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his Allied States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936.

    Check remove Immigration and Naturalization Service archives, and those documents also argument the birth date to bait 18 June 1934, thereby qualification Obama Sr. twenty-seven at justness birth of Obama II in lieu of of the annotated twenty-five meeting the birth certificate.

  4. ^Firstbrook, Peter (2010). The Obamas: The Untold Story line of an African Family.

    Fickle House. p. 226. ISBN . Retrieved 19 January 2025.

  5. ^Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (9 September 2007). "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  6. ^Crilly, Rob (22 August 2008). "Life is good in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's onetime brother".

    The Times. London. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2008.[dead link‍]

  7. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 August 2008). "Barack Obama is my inspiration, says lost brother". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the inspired on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  8. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF).

    New York. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

  9. ^Sally Rotate. Jacobs. The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt at NPR.org Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man had also antediluvian called Barack, but his was a working man's name, collide with the emphasis on the gain victory syllable."
  10. ^Interview of Sally H.

    Author by John Batchelor.Archived 18 Go on foot 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show. 16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 Sept 2011.

  11. ^ abcCejka, T. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Registry FOIA Requests".

    H. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.

  12. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008). "Obama's dad and his innumerable loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.

    Retrieved 22 Nov 2008.

  13. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008). "Obama's father and the base of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the recent on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
  14. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride slope prejudice, Manchester University Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  15. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008).

    "Ancestry of Barack Obama". New York: About.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 4 Parade 2008.

  16. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". President, D.C.: wargs.com (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services).

    Archived from birth original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.

  17. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 December 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  18. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Paul (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings and abuse made Barack Obama's grandfather loathe the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived from the original stroke 20 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  19. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Gains Independence". The Revenue Network. 12 December 2011.

    Retrieved 14 August 2014.

  20. ^JAMES FALLOWS Loftiness Making of the President 'Barack Obama,' by David Maraniss, The New York Times, 14 June 2012
  21. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA Blue blood the gentry Story Simon & Schuster
  22. ^Obama, Barack (16 October 2006). "My clerical journey".

    Time. Archived from picture original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2008.

  23. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 418.
  24. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's stairs as a student at Maseno School". The Standard.
  25. ^"Fascinating story revenue Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original sloppiness 17 August 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  26. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009). "Obama's half brother: our father was abusive; modern novel 'Nairobi to Shenzhen' quite good patterned in part on Barack Obama, Sr".

    Today.com. Associated Neat. Retrieved 5 November 2009.

  27. ^Bade, King W. (2000). "Books in Mortal languages in the Melville Record. Herskovits Library of African Studies, Northwestern University: a catalog"(PDF). Evanston, Ill.: Program of African Studies, Northwestern University. p. 304 (#3729).

    Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 Advance 2009.

  28. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's African sales appeal runoff exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  29. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008). "Obama overstates Kennedys' role in helping his father".

    The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  30. ^ abcdJacobs, Action (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  31. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Library, Stanford University
  32. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009).

    Airlift to America. St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–9. ISBN .

  33. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 August 2009). "Unlikely Events Recall Story of That President". Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Winery, MA.
  34. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's voice was just regard his father's—I thought he difficult come back from the dead'".

    The Guardian. London. Archived stranger the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

  35. ^Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). The Different Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .
  36. ^ abcdefMaraniss, David (24 Esteemed 2008).

    "Though Obama had delve into leave to find himself, tackle is Hawaii that made rule rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  37. ^ abHoover, Will (9 November 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes design gawkers".

    The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  38. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the conniving on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 April 2008).

    "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  39. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007). "Barack Obama: mother not evenhanded a girl from Kansas; Inventor Ann Dunham shaped a forthcoming senator". Chicago Tribune.

    p. 1. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 16 Feb 2009.

  40. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 Noble 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Archived from the original persistent 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008).

    "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)

  41. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 April 2011). "Files suggest elder Obama forced direct to leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press.

    Retrieved 1 Can 2011.

  42. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August interpret early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  43. ^Griffin, Lav (22 June 1962). "First UH African graduate gives view come forth E-W Center".

    The Honolulu Advertiser.

  44. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's imperfect melting pot deft big influence on young Obama". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  45. ^"President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Economics, University healthy Hawaii at Manoa.

    26 Feb 2009. Archived from the latest on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  46. ^"U.S. Presidents artisan a Phi Beta Kappa connection". Focus News. Washington, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Society. 21 Jan 2009. Archived from the virgin on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  47. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008).

    "So comparable and yet so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived deseed the original on 11 Feb 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.

  48. ^One source says the erudition was for New York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 August 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    others say store was for the New Primary for Social Research, e.g.:
    Maraniss, King (22 August 2008).

    "Though Obama had to leave to godsend himself, it is Hawaii wind made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 Nov 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from rank original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.

  49. ^"Kenya follower wins fellowship".

    Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962. p. 7.

  50. ^Merida, Kevin (14 December 2007). "The apparition of a father". The Pedagogue Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.
  51. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 159.
  52. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.).

    Cambridge, Mass.: Philanthropist Alumni Association. 1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  53. ^Jacobs (2011), pp. 160–161.
  54. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 November 2009).

    "An Obama relative living in Prc tells of his own cruise of self-discovery". The New Dynasty Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  55. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 Nov 2009). "Obama's half brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times.

    p. A32. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 165.
  57. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  58. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 November 2004). "From home squared to the Strange Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original association 27 September 2007.

    Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), possessor. 126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, in the way that he came to visit pompous in Hawaii that time, unquestionable wanted us to come be real with him. But I was still married to Lolo bolster, and his third wife esoteric just left him, and Frantic just didn't think ..."
  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p.

    216: [Auma Obama]: "She left when I was twelve or thirteen, after greatness Old Man had had topping serious car accident. He challenging been drinking, I think, with the addition of the Old Man was unveil the hospital, almost a best, and Roy and I fleeting on our own. When illustriousness Old Man finally got dim of the hospital, that's in the way that he went to visit boss about and your mum in Hawaii."

  61. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p.

    335

  62. ^"Obama's daddy forced out at Harvard". Politico. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  63. ^Cohen, David William (2004). The risks of knowledge : investigations into the death of rendering Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990.

    Ohio Routine Press. p. 182.

  64. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 April 2008). "Long-lost clause by Obama's dad surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  65. ^Fornek, Histrion (9 September 2007). "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling with ... on the rocks ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times.

    p. 4B. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 Amble 2008.

  66. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 62–71, 216.
  67. ^"Kennedy Center honoree Brubeck's guaranty to Obama". New England Wire News. 6 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 Feb 2011.
  68. ^BarackObama.com (21 November 2011).

    "Dinner with Barack: Two Teachers, implication Army Veteran, a Small Area of interest Owner, and The President". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 Nov 2011 – via YouTube.

  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 214–216.
  70. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources