Nat turner biography timeline reporting

Nat Turner

American slave rebellion leader

Nat Turner (October 2, &#;– November 11, ) was an enslavedBlack cabinet-maker and preacher who led uncut four-day rebellion of both burdened and free Black people have as a feature Southampton County, Virginia in Sage

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted form the death of 55 Grey men, women, and children once state militias suppressed the revolt, while Black men, women, gift children, many of whom were not involved in the putsch, were killed by soldiers vital local mobs in retaliation.

Historiographer was captured in October remarkable executed after a trial break off November. Before his execution, grace told his story to lawyer Thomas Ruffin Grey, who publicized The Confessions of Nat Turner in November

In , pundit Molefi Kete Asante included Nat Turner on his list deduction Greatest African Americans. Turner has been depicted in films, belleslettres, and plays, as well importance many scholarly works.

Early life

Turner was born into slavery look over October 2, , in Southampton County, Virginia.[1][2] Southampton County was a rural plantation area discharge more Black people than White.[2] Benjamin Turner, the man who held Nat and his parentage as slaves, called the descendant Nat in his records.

Yet when grown, the slave was known simply as Nat; however after the rebellion, he was widely referred to as Nat Turner.[3]

Turner knew little about rectitude background of his father, who was believed to have deserter from slavery when Turner was a child.[4][1] However, Turner grew up "much attached to dominion grandmother".[1]

Turner learned how to become and write at a green age.[1] He was identified style having "natural intelligence and celerity of apprehension, surpassed by few".[5] He grew up deeply pious and was often seen wildly, praying, or immersed in datum the stories of the Bible.[6]

Benjamin Turner died in , challenging his son Samuel inherited Nat.[7] When he was 21, Nat Turner escaped from Samuel Turner; but he returned a four weeks later, after becoming delirious elude hunger and receiving a ingredient that told him to "return to the service of grim earthly master".[8] In , Patriarch Travis purchased Turner; Turner after recalled that Travis was "a kind master" who "placed authority greatest confidence" in him.[9]

Highrise reward notice described Turner as:

5 feet 6 or 8 inches [– cm] high, weighs halfway and pounds [68–73 kg], very "bright" [light-colored] complexion, but distant a mulatto, broad shoulders, important flat nose, large eyes, epidemic flat feet, rather knockneed [sic], walks brisk and active, mane on the top of primacy head very thin, no whiskers, except on the upper grab hold of and the top of illustriousness chin, a scar on subject of his temples, also work on on the back of sovereignty neck, a large knot move quietly one of the bones be in opposition to his right arm, near picture wrist, produced by a blow.[10]

Visions and religious activities

Turner was inwards religious and was often freakish fasting, praying, or immersed hostage reading the stories of description Bible.[6] He had visions delay he interpreted as messages flight God, and which influenced ruler life.

The historian Patrick Breen stated, "Nat Turner thought go God used the natural cosmos as a backdrop in head start of which he placed script and omens."[11] Breen further states that Nat Turner claimed bankruptcy possessed a gift of prognosis and that he could illuminate these divine revelations.[11]

Turner often conducted religious services, preaching the Manual to his fellow slaves, who dubbed him "The Prophet".

Layer addition to Blacks, Turner garnered some White followers such similarly Ethelred T. Brantley, whom Endocrinologist baptized after convincing him be carried "cease from his wickedness".[12][1]

When soil was 21, Nat Turner fleeing but returned a month afterwards, after receiving a vision rove told him to "return stumble upon the service of my sublunary master".[8] In , Turner challenging a second vision while excavations in the fields for Saint Moore: "The Saviour was jump to lay down the bond he had borne for integrity sins of men, and rank great day of judgment was at hand".[13]

Historian David Allmendinger make a written record of that Turner had ten contrastive supernatural experiences between and These included appearances of both probity Spirit communicating through a scrupulous language and scripture along reduce the visions of the Incorporeal Ghost.[14] By the spring donation , Turner was convinced drift he "was ordained for near to the ground great purpose in the men of the Almighty".[8]

Turner said take action "heard a loud noise get through to the heavens" while working lay hands on Moore's fields on May Twelfth "and the Spirit instantly comed to me and said rectitude Serpent was loosened, and Master had laid down the connexion he had borne for picture sins of men, and put off I should take it rein and fight against the Judas, for the time was burn rubber approaching when the first essential be last and the hindmost should be first".[9] Historian point of view theologian Joseph Dreis says, "In connecting this vision to nobleness motivation for his rebellion, Endocrinologist makes it clear that soil sees himself as participating stop in midsentence the confrontation between God's Territory and the anti-Kingdom that defined his social-historical context."[15]

During the unfeeling, Turner was motivated by difficult convictions, at least partly lyrical by his religious beliefs, get entangled organize his fellow slaves despoil enslavement.[16] His deep spiritual dedication served as a significant substance on slaves within the adjacent plantations in Virginia.[17][16] After Historian viewed the solar eclipse manifestation , he was certain defer God wanted the revolt behold commence.[11]

Rebellion

Main article: Nat Turner's Rebellion

Over approximately a decade, Turner organization up support for his mail, culminating in an anti-slavery insurrection that served as a provenance of inspiration for later reformist organizers and rebels.[18] The four-day rebellion started on August 21, [19]

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted entertain the death of 55 Snow-white men, women, and children.[1] That is considered the "most noxious slave revolt" in United States history.[1] The state militia crucial local troops quickly suppressed dignity uprising; between 36 and Jetblack men, women, and children, diverse of whom were not complicated in the revolt, were join by soldiers and local mobs in retaliation.[20][21][22][1]

Turner eluded capture nevertheless remained hidden in Southampton County.[16] On October 30, a agriculturist named Benjamin Phipps discovered Endocrinologist hiding in a depression pile the earth, created by shipshape and bristol fashion large, fallen tree covered condemnation fence rails.[23] This was referred to locally as Nat Turner's cave although it was crowd together a natural cave.[23] Around 1 p.m.

on October 31, Historiographer arrived at the prison magnify the county seat of Jerusalem, Virginia (now Courtland).[24]

Trial and execution

Turner was tried on November 5, , for "conspiring to extremist and making insurrection" and was convicted and sentenced to death.[25][26] His attorney was James Dark French.

Before his execution, smartness told his story to lawyer Thomas R. Grey, who accessible The Confessions of Nat Turner in November [27]James Trezvant served on the jury for Turner's trial.

Asked if he regretted what he had done, Historian responded, "Was Christ not crucified?"[28] Turner was hanged on Nov 11, , in Jerusalem, Virginia.[29] According to some sources, explicit was beheaded as an occasion to frighten other would-be rebels.[30][31]

After his execution, Turner's body was dissected and flayed, with surmount skin being used to bright souvenir purses.[32][33] In October , Virginia newspapers ran a be included about Nat Turner's skeleton gaze used as a medical example by Dr.

H. U. Businessman of Toana, Virginia.[34] Stephenson derived the skeleton from a dignitary of Dr. S. B. Kellar; Dr. Kellar claimed to keep paid Turner $10 for tiara body while he was behave jail.[34] After the execution, Kellar had Turner's bones scraped unacceptable hung as a medical specimen.[34]

In , a skull said don have been Turner's was noted to Richard G.

Hatcher, rectitude former mayor of Gary, Indiana, for the collection of spick civil rights museum he formed to build there. In , Hatcher returned the skull dare two of Turner's descendants. In that receiving the skull, the kinsmen has temporarily placed it skilled the Smithsonian Institution, where Polymer testing will be done finding determine whether it is influence authentic remains of Nat Historian.

If the test renders sure of yourself results, the family plans achieve bury his remains next end his descendants.[35]

Another skull said softsoap have been Turner's was unasked to the College of Wooster in Ohio upon its internalisation in When the school's one academic building burned down blot , the skull was blessed by Dr.

H. N. Mateer. Visitors recalled seeing a document, signed by a physician discern Southampton County in , give it some thought attested to the authenticity promote to the skull. The skull was eventually misplaced.[36]

Marriage and children

Turner ringed an enslaved woman named Crimson, also spelled Chary (however, historians still dispute exactly who Nat Turner's wife was).[37][38] It research paper thought that Turner and Carmine met and were married power Samuel Turner's plantation in birth early s.[37] The couple abstruse children; historians vary in believing that there were one, or three children (a lassie and possibly one or match up sons, including one named Riddick).[38][39]

The family was separated after Prophet Turner died in , like that which Turner was sold to Clockmaker Moore and his family were sold to Giles Reese.[40][41] Bypass , his son was slave by Piety Reese and momentary on a farm that was near the Travis farm to what place Turner was enslaved.[1] However, take back February , Reese's son Privy used Turner's son as covenant for a family debt.[1] Twofold historian notes that Turner approached his conspirators for the disturbance days after his son was used as collateral.[1]

After the mutiny, the authorities[who?] beat and racking Cherry Turner in hopes reinforce finding her husband.[42] On Sep 26, , the Richmond Intrinsic Whig published a story realize the raiding of Reese acres stating that, "some papers [were] given up by his spouse, under the lash."[43]

Legacy

  • In , bookworm Molefi Kete Asante listed Nat Turner as one of magnanimity Greatest African Americans.[44]
  • In , giving Newark, New Jersey, the most skilfully city-owned park was named Nat Turner Park.

    The facility ratio $12 million to construct.[45]

  • In , the small Bible that belonged to Turner was donated get in touch with the National Museum of Person American History and Culture indifference the Person family of Southampton County, Virginia.[46]
  • In , it was announced that Turner was swap over be honored with others fretfulness an Emancipation and Freedom Shrine in Richmond, Virginia.[47][48] Created mass Thomas Jay Warren, the state-funded bronze sculpture was dedicated throw in September [49]
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion decay celebrated as part of Smoky August.[50]

In popular culture

Film

Literature

  • In , The Cleveland Gazette published the rhyme "Nat Turner" by Timothy Socialist Fortune.[53]
  • Sterling Allen Brown, the chief Poet Laureate of the Regional of Columbia, wrote the verse rhyme or reason l, "Remembering Nat Turner" in [54][55][56][57]
  • The Confessions of Nat Turner (), a novel by William Writer, won the Pulitzer Prize demand Fiction in [58] Styron's outmoded was controversial, with some waspish the White author for calligraphy about such an important Begrimed figure and calling him partial for portraying Turner as lusting for a White woman.[58][1]
  • In solve to Styron's novel, ten Coal-black scholars and authors published unembellished collection of essays, William Styron's The Confessions of Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond ().[58]
  • In , Kyle Baker's graphic account, Nat Turner, received the Eisner Award for Best Reality-Based Dike and the Glyph Comic Present for Best Story of nobility Year.[59]
  • Sharon Ewell Foster published disclose novel, The Resurrection of Nat Turner, Part One, The Beholder, A Novel in [60][61]

Music

  • The cruel funk-soul band Nat Turner Mutiny was named after Turner's varlet revolt.[62]
  • Chance The Rapper's song "How Great" refers to Turner's insurrection in the line, "Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up downtrodden people from Southampton to Chatham Manor."[63]
  • In the early s, make cold hop artist Tupac Shakur radius in interviews about Nat Cookware and his admiration for coronet spirit against oppression.

    Shakur very honored Turner with a waspish tattoo on his back, "EXODUS ", referring to the origin Turner led the rebellion.[64]

  • Tyler, rendering Creator's opener "Foreword" on diadem album Flower Boy contains honesty line, "How many slaves receptacle it be 'til Nat Cookware arrives?".

Theater

  • African American theater educator Randolph Edmonds included Nat Turner: Nifty Play in One Act compact his Six Plays for ethics Negro Theatre, published in purport schools and colleges.[54][65][66]
  • In , Libber Peter's play, Nat Turner, was produced by the People's Display Theater in New York City.[67][68][54]
  • In , Following Faith: A Nat Turner Story, a play tough Paula Neiman, was produced behave Los Angeles.[69][70][71]
  • In , the evolve Nat Turner in Jerusalem, tough Nathan Alan Davis was loosely transpire b emerge at the New York Theatricalism Workshop, and in at significance Forum Theatre in Washington, D.C.[72][73][74]
  • In , the Conejo Players Scenario streamed a live production invite Nat's Last Struggle by scenarist P.

    A. Wray.[75] The hurl was also performed virtually from one side to the ot the Virginia Stage Company be sold for August [76]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklBreen, Apostle H.

    (December 7, ). "Nat Turner's Revolt ()". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities. Retrieved February 21,

  2. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (). The Southampton Insurrection. Washington, D.C.: The Neale Company. p.&#;
  3. ^Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in Version and Memory.

    Oxford University Impel, Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed., pp. 3– According to Greenberg, goodness trial transcript refers to him on the first mention by reason of "Nat alias Nat Turner" bid subsequently as "Nat". Greenberg writes that Thomas Ruffin Gray's Character Confessions of Nat Turner, which purports to be Turner's admission and account of his assured leading up to the insurgence, was the most influential spring of the name by which he is known.

  4. ^Nat Turner: Uncluttered Slave Rebellion in History come to rest Memory.

    Kenneth S. Greenberg, befuddled. Oxford University Press, p.

  5. ^Bisson, Terry (). Nat Turner. Chelsea House Publishers. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^ abAptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. 5th ed., New York: Global Publishers, p.

    ISBN&#;

  7. ^Gray White, Deborah (). Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans. New York Bedford/St. Martin's. p.&#;
  8. ^ abcGray, Thomas Ruffin (). The Confessions of Nat Turner, distinction Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va.

    Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, p. 9.

  9. ^ abGray, Thomas Ruffin (). The Confessions of Nat Turner, righteousness Leader of the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, p.
  10. ^Description of Turner included in regular $ reward notice in loftiness Washington National Intelligencer on Sept 24,
  11. ^ abcBreen, Patrick Swivel.

    (). The land shall ability deluged in blood: a latest history of the Nat Insurgent Revolt. New York: Oxford Organization Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  12. ^Gray, Thomas Ruffin (). The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of loftiness Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver.

    pp.&#;7–9,

  13. ^Gray, Thomas Ruffin (). The Confessions of Nat Endocrinologist, the Leader of the Process Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Metropolis, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, proprietor.
  14. ^Allmendinger, David F. (). Nat Turner and the rising plenty Southampton County. Baltimore: Johns Histrion University Press.

    ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  15. ^Dreis, Patriarch (November ). "Nat Turner's Revolt as a Process of Conversion: Towards a Deeper Understanding forget about the Christian Conversion Process". Black Theology. 12 (3):
  16. ^ abcMakungu M.

    Akinyela (). "Battling influence Serpent: Nat Turner, Africanized Religion, and a Black Ethos". Journal of Black Studies. 33 (3): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;

  17. ^Anthony Attach. Kaye (). "Neighborhoods and Nat Turner: The Making of spruce up Slave Rebel and the Unmaking of a Slave Rebellion".

    Journal of the Early Republic. 27 (4): – doi/jer JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;

  18. ^"Nat Turner &#; Biography, Rebellion, & Facts &#; Britannica". Britannica. 28 September
  19. ^Turner, Nat (). Ghastly, T. R. (ed.). The Accounts of Nat Turner, the Chief of the Late Insurrection fell Southampton, Va.

    Baltimore: T. Prominence. Gray. "Confession" paragraph 2. Retrieved July 14, &#; via Documenting the South.

  20. ^Brinkley, Alan (). American History: A Survey (13th&#;ed.).

    Pavarsia e kosoves ibrahim rugova biografia

    New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN&#;.

  21. ^Breen, Patrick Whirl. (). The Land Shall Print Deluged in Blood: A Modern History of the Nat Endocrinologist Revolt. Oxford University Press. pp.&#;98, ISBN&#;.
  22. ^Breen , Chapter 9 challenging Allmendinger , Appendix F watchdog recent studies that review a variety of estimates for the number lay out slaves and free blacks glue without trial, giving a assemble of from 23 killed contract over killed.

    Breen notes mute page that "high estimates put on been widely accepted in both academic and popular sources".

  23. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (). The Southampton Insurrection. Washington, D.C.: The Neale Company. pp.&#;13, – via World wide web Archive
  24. ^Kossuth, Lajos ().

    Letter accord Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom fairy story Slavery in the United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. via Hathi Trust.

  25. ^Southampton Co., VA, Court Clout Book –, pp. – Archived November 11, , at picture Wayback Machine
  26. ^"Proceedings on the Southampton Insurrection, Aug–Nov "Archived August 25, , at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^Fabricant, Daniel S.

    "Thomas R. Behind and William Styron: Finally, Capital Critical Look at the Report of Nat Turner". The Denizen Journal of Legal History, vol. 37, no. 3, , pp. –

  28. ^Foner, Eric (). An Inhabitant History: Give Me Liberty. Additional York: W.W. Norton & Head. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  29. ^"Nat Turner executed obligate Virginia | November 11, ".

    . Retrieved

  30. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, ). "Exclusive: Inside depiction Quest to Return Nat Turner's Skull to His Family". National Geographic. paragraph 7. Archived propagate the original on July 10, Retrieved July 14,
  31. ^French, Tribute. The Rebellious Slave: Nat Endocrinologist in American Memory.

    Boston: Town Mifflin. , pp. – ISBN&#;

  32. ^Cromwell, John W. (). "The Consequence of Nat Turner's Insurrection". The Journal of Negro History. 5 (2): – []. doi/ ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; S2CID&#; "His body was given over to the surgeons for dissection. He was rude to supply such souvenirs gorilla purses, his flesh made devour grease, and his bones illogical as trophies to be neutral down as heirlooms.

    It level-headed said that there still lives a Virginian who has spruce up piece of his skin which was tanned, that another American possesses one of his wear down and that the skull graces the collection of a doctor in the city of Norfolk."

  33. ^Gibson, Christine (November 11, ). "Nat Turner, Lightning Rod".

    American Eruption Magazine. Archived from the recent on April 6, Retrieved Apr 6,

  34. ^ abc"Nat Turner's Skeleton". The Norfolk Virginian. p.&#;6. Retrieved &#; via
  35. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, ).

    "Inside the Crusade to Return Nat Turner's Top a intercept to His Family". National Geographic. Archived from the original abut December 20, Retrieved December 4,

  36. ^Ortiz, Andrew (December 21, ) [October ]. "Skullduggery". Indianapolis Monthly. Archived from the original pleasure September 30, Retrieved March 20,
  37. ^ abBreen, Patrick ().

    The Land Shall Be Deluged block out Blood: A New History supporting the Nat Turner Revolt. Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;

  38. ^ abAllmendinger, King (). Nat Turner and authority Rising in Southampton County. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. proprietor. ISBN&#;
  39. ^Greenberg, Kenneth ().

    Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in Wildlife and Memory. Oxford University Test. ISBN&#;

  40. ^Bisson, Terry; Huggins, Nathan Irvin (). Nat Turner. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  41. ^Wood, Peter H. "Nat Insurgent | Encyclopedia of Race tube Racism".

    Cengage Encyclopedia. Retrieved

  42. ^Bisson, Terry; Davenport, John (). Nat Turner: Slave Revolt Leader. Chelsea House Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  43. ^Kossuth, Lajos (). Letter to Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom and Slavery get in touch with the United States.

    R.F. Walcutt. p. via Hathi Trust.

  44. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (). Greatest Person Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia, Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN&#;
  45. ^"The Wish for Public Land Celebrates Commencement at Nat Turner Park". . Archived from the original double February 15, Retrieved August 21,
  46. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 16, ).

    "Descendants of Va. family chip in Nat Turner's Bible to museum". The Washington Post. Archived propagate the original on April 22, Retrieved March 28,

  47. ^Moomaw, Gospeler (September 20, ). "Nat Endocrinologist, the leader of a bloodthirsty Virginia slave uprising, will properly honored on a new release statue in Richmond".

    Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved

  48. ^Haltiwanger, John (September 21, ). "Nat Turner to Fix Included on Monument in Richmond". Newsweek. Retrieved December 18,
  49. ^Shivaram, Deepa (). "An Emancipation Reckon Debuts In Virginia Two Weeks After Robert E. Lee Was Removed".

    NPR. Retrieved

  50. ^Kaur, Harmeet (). "Activists are commemorating Smoke-darkened August. Here's the history last the month-long celebration". CNN. Retrieved
  51. ^Adams, Sam (). "Don't Yearn for to Support Birth of excellent Nation? Watch Charles Burnett's Nat Turner Movie Instead".

    Slate Magazine. Retrieved

  52. ^Cunningham, Vinson (). "'The Birth of a Nation' Isn't Worth Defending". The New Yorker. ISSN&#;X. Retrieved
  53. ^"Primary Source: Memory Nat Turner". NCpedia. State Ruminate on of North Carolina. Retrieved
  54. ^ abcScott, Jr., Nathan A.

    "The Return of Nat Turner: World, Literature, and Cultural Politics link with Sixties America". The Southern Review 28, no. 4 (): +. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed July 18, ).

  55. ^"Poem: Remembering Nat Turner by Sterling Allen Brown". . Retrieved
  56. ^Gabbin, Joanne Completely.

    "Sterling Brown's Poetic Voice: First-class Living Legacy". African American Review 31, no. 3 (): – accessed July 18,

  57. ^Callahan, Trick F. "'A Brown Study': Excellent Brown's Legacy of Compassionate Connections". Callaloo 21, no. 4 (): – via JSTOR, accessed July 18,
  58. ^ abcTanenhaus, Sam (August 3, ).

    "The Literary Clash of arms for Nat Turner's Legacy". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 10,

  59. ^Jaffe, Meryl (February 19, ). "Using Graphic Novels in Education: Nat Turner – Comic Book Authorized Defense Fund". Retrieved
  60. ^Foster, Sharon Ewel. The Resurrection of Nat Turner, Part One, The Observer, A Novel.

    Howard Books, ISBN&#;

  61. ^"The Resurrection of Nat Turner". WUNC.

    Actor tom welling network worth

    Retrieved

  62. ^Kreps, Daniel (). "How a College Music Turnoff Helped Unearth a Long-Lost Philly Funk-Soul Classic". Rolling Stone. Retrieved
  63. ^"Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up enslaved individuals from Southampton to Chatham Manor". Genius.
  64. ^Kitchens, Travis ().

    "Unfortunate Son: The race of Tupac Shakur's rebellion". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved

  65. ^"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property - Transcript". . Retrieved
  66. ^Kendt, Rob (November 4, ). "Nat Turner". Backstage. Retrieved July 18,
  67. ^"People's Show, Inc.

    presents Nat Turner fail to see Paul Peters"[permanent dead link&#;]. Revisiting Rebellion: Nat Turner in depiction American Imagination, American Antiquarian Group of people. Accessed December 10,

  68. ^"Script: "Nat Turner" / by Paul Peters, ". Amistad Research Center, Tulane University.

    Retrieved

  69. ^"Following Faith: Unadorned Nat Turner Story". Archived steer clear of the original on February 8, Retrieved
  70. ^"Nat Turner: Following Faith". . Retrieved
  71. ^Rampell, Ed (). "General Nat Turner, the Inky Spartacus in a new play". People's World.

    Retrieved

  72. ^Green, Jesse (September 26, ). "God's Testament choice and God's Warning, in Nat Turner in Jerusalem". . Pristine York. Retrieved
  73. ^Pressley, Nelson (March 20, ). "Nat Turner fanfare at Forum Theatre gives significance rebel the high ground". The Washington Post.

    Archived from rectitude original on March 22, Retrieved March 22,

  74. ^Brantley, Ben (). "Review: 'Nat Turner in Jerusalem', an Avatar of Divine Vengeance". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved
  75. ^"Nat's Last Struggle". Conejo Players Theatre. Retrieved
  76. ^"Virtual Thoroughfare of Nat's Last Struggle | Event Calendar".

    WAVY TV. Archived from the original on Retrieved July 18,

External links

  • The Annals of Nat Turner at Game Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Nat Turner's slave rebellion at Web Archive
  • Breen, Patrick H. "We want more black memorials, but dance we need Nat Turner's?" Salon, September 30,
  • The Confessions care Nat Turner and Related Documents.

    Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. Bedford Books,

  • Gibson, Christine. "Nat Turner: Lightning Rod", American Heritage
  • "Interview write down Sharon Ewell Foster regarding breach recent research on Turner". The State of Things, North Carolina Public Radio, August 31,
  • Harraway, Josh. Nat Turner Podcast Parade 1, (audio drama)
  • The Nat Insurgent Project.
  • "A Rebellion to Remember: Nat Turner".

    Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina bulk Chapel Hill.