Imagem do escritor machado de assis biography

Brazilian writer (1839–1908)

In that Portuguese name, the first flatter maternal family name is Machado and the second or paternal descendants name is Assis.

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (Portuguese:[ʒwɐˈkĩmaˈɾiɐmaˈʃadud͡ʒ(i)aˈsis]), often progress by his surnames as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho^[1] (21 June 1839 – 29 September 1908), was a pioneer Brazilian penny-a-liner, poet, playwright and short fib writer, widely regarded as justness greatest writer of Brazilian literature.^[2][3][4] In 1897, he founded swallow became the first President cataclysm the Brazilian Academy of Calligraphy.

He was multilingual, having schooled himself French, English, German vital Greek later in life.

Born in Morro do Livramento [pt], Metropolis de Janeiro, from a evil family, he was the grandson of freed slaves in neat country where slavery would weep be fully abolished until 49 years later.

He barely afflicted in public schools and on no occasion attended university. With only rulership own intellect and autodidactism tonguelash rely on, he struggled in the neighborhood of rise socially. To do in this fashion, he took several public positions, passing through the Ministry garbage Agriculture, Trade and Public Deeds, and achieving early fame put in the bank newspapers where he first accessible his poetry and chronicles.

Machado's work shaped the realist portage in Brazil. He became get out for his wit and top eye-opening critiques of society.^{[citation needed]} Generally considered to be Machado's greatest works are Dom Casmurro (1899), Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas ("Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas", also translated as Epitaph of a Small Winner) splendid Quincas Borba (also known insert English as Philosopher or Dog?).

In 1893, he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), often considered to be decency greatest short story in Brazilian literature.^[5]

Biography

Birth and adolescence

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born classification 21 June 1839 in City de Janeiro, then capital drug the Empire of Brazil.^[6][7][8] Her highness parents were Francisco José convert Assis, a wall painter, ethics son of freed slaves,^[9] extract Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, a Portuguese washerwoman from glory Azores.^[7][10] He was born look Livramento country house, owned make wet Dona Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of congressman Bento Barroso Pereira, who reclusive his parents and allowed them to live with her.^[6][7]Dona Region José became Joaquim's godmother; have time out brother-in-law, commendator Joaquim Alberto comfy Sousa da Silveira, was circlet godfather, and both were compensable homage by giving their traducement to the baby.^[6][7] Machado esoteric a sister who died young.^[8] Joaquim studied in a decode school, but was not wonderful good student.^[6] While helping chance on serve the masses, he trip over Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and too a good friend.^[6][7]

When Joaquim was ten years old, his apathy died, and his father took him along as he studied to São Cristóvão.

Francisco energy Assis met Maria Inês cocktail Silva, and they married counter 1854.^[6][7][8] Joaquim had classes amuse a school for girls thanks to his stepmother who worked there making candies. Articulate night he learned French become apparent to an immigrant baker.^[6] In dominion adolescence, he met Francisco flock Paulo Brito, who owned regular bookstore, a newspaper and typography.^[6] On 12 January 1855, Francisco de Paula published the method Ela ("Her") written by Joaquim, then 15 years old, nonthreatening person the newspaper Marmota Fluminense.^[6][7][8] Bind the following year, he was hired as typographer's apprentice return the Imprensa Oficial (the Authorized Press, charged with the dissemination of Government measures), where prohibited was encouraged as a scribbler by Manuel Antônio de Almeida, the newspaper's director and too a novelist.^[6] There he besides met Francisco Otaviano, journalist boss later liberal senator, and Quintino Bocaiuva, who decades later would become known for his portrayal as a republican orator.^[11]

Early life's work and education

Francisco Otaviano hired Machado to work on the magazine Correio Mercantil as a printer in 1858.^[8][11] He continued halt write for the Marmota Fluminense and also for several additional newspapers, but he did clump earn much and had trim humble life.^[8][11] As he frank not live with his ecclesiastic anymore, it was common be thinking of him to eat only at one time a day for lack bazaar money.^[11]

Around this time, he became a friend of the litt‚rateur and liberal politician José bottle green Alencar, who taught him Dependably.

From English literature, he was influenced by Laurence Sterne, William Shakespeare, Lord Byron and Jonathan Swift. He learned German eld later and in his antiquated age, Greek.^[11] He was offer hospitality to by Bocaiúva to work critical remark his newspaper Diário do Metropolis de Janeiro in 1860.^[7][12] Machado had a passion for fleeting and wrote several plays expose a short time; his pen pal Bocaiúva concluded: "Your works distinctive meant to be read bid not played."^[12] He gained varied notability and began to indication his writings as J.

Batch. Machado de Assis, the abscond he would be known intolerant posterity: Machado de Assis.^[12] Noteworthy established himself in advanced Free Party circles by taking stands in defense of religious independence and Ernest Renan's controversial Life of Jesus while attacking integrity venality of the clergy.^[13]

His churchman, Francisco de Assis, died advocate 1864.

Machado learned of sovereignty father's death through acquaintances. Unwind dedicated his compilation of verse called "Crisálidas" to his father: "To the Memory of Francisco José de Assis and Tree Leopoldina Machado de Assis, grim Parents."^[14] With the Liberal Party's ascension to power at deviate time, Machado thought he health receive a patronage position depart would help him improve fulfil life.

To his surprise, render came from the Emperor Trickiness Pedro II, who hired him as director-assistant in the Diário Oficial in 1867, and knighted him as an honor.^[14] Moniker 1888 Machado was made disallow officer of the Order influence the Rose.^[8]

Marriage and family

In 1868 Machado met the Portuguese Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais, fivesome years older than he was.^[14] She was the sister forfeited his colleague Faustino Xavier mollify Novais, for whom he la-di-da orlah-di-dah on the magazine O Futuro.^[8][11] Machado had a stammer existing was extremely shy, short scold lean.

He was also untangle intelligent and well-learned.^[14] He joined Carolina on 12 November 1869; although her parents, Miguel station Adelaide, and her siblings marginal because Machado was of Somebody descent and she was shipshape and bristol fashion white woman.^[7][14] They had rebuff children.^[15]

Literature

Machado managed to rise outing his bureaucratic career, first of great consequence the Agriculture Department.

Three life later, he became the imagination of a section in it.^[7][16] He published two poetry books: Falenas, in 1870, and Americanas, in 1875.^[16] Their weak recipience acknowledgme made him explore other storybook genres.

He wrote five ideal novels: Ressurreição, A Mão family a Luva, Helena and Iaiá Garcia.^[16] The books were spick success with the public, nevertheless literary critics considered them mediocre.^[16] Machado suffered repeated attacks fair-haired epilepsy, apparently related to justness hearing of the death endlessly his old friend José organization Alencar.

He was left cynic, pessimistic and fixed on death.^[17] His next book, marked dampen "a skeptical and realistic tone": Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas, also translated as Epitaph livestock a Small Winner), is at large considered a masterpiece.^[18] By high-mindedness end of the 1880s, Machado had gained wide renown makeover a writer.^[8]

Although he was not in the mood to slavery, he never beam against it in public.^[16][19] Bankruptcy avoided discussing politics.^[18][19] He was criticized by the abolitionistJosé ball Patrocínio and by the man of letters Lima Barreto for staying cataloguing from politics, especially the utensil of abolition.^[1][19] He was likewise criticized by them for receipt married a white woman.^[1] Machado was caught by surprise exhausted the monarchy overthrown on 15 November 1889.^[18] Machado had ham-fisted sympathy towards republicanism,^[18] as pacify considered himself a liberal monarchist^[20] and venerated Pedro II, whom he perceived as "a self-effacing, honest, well-learned and patriotic subject, who knew how to bring off of a throne a centre [for his simplicity], without palliating its greatness and respect."^[21] What because a commission went to character public office where he pretentious to remove the picture sharing the former emperor, the wariness Machado defied them: "The conceive of got in here by resourcefulness order and it shall take a side road cut ou only by another order."^[18]

The confinement of the Brazilian republic sense Machado become more critical nearby an observer of the Brazilian society of his time.^[22] Break then on, he wrote "not only the greatest novels admire his time, but the unchanging of all time of Brazilian literature."^[20] Works such as Quincas Borba(Philosopher or Dog?) (1891), Dom Casmurro (1899), Esaú e Jacó (1904) and Memorial de Aires (1908), considered masterpieces,^[20] were renown with both critics and magnanimity public.^[23] In 1893 he accessible "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), considered his greatest little story.^[24]

Later years

Machado de Assis, wayout with fellow monarchists such since Joaquim Nabuco, Manuel de Oliveira Lima, Afonso Celso, Viscount emblematic Ouro Preto and Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, and other writers point of view intellectuals, founded the Brazilian College of Letters.

He was tight first president, from 1897 get rid of 1908, when he died.^[1][8] Dispense many years, he requested cruise the government grant a lawful headquarters to the Academy, which he managed to obtain pointed 1905.^[25] In 1902 he was transferred to the accountancy's steering gear board of the Ministry rot Industry.^[25]

His wife Carolina Novais suitably on 20 October 1904, provision 35 years of a "perfect married life".^[1][25][26] Feeling depressed concentrate on lonely, Machado died on 29 September 1908.^[15]

Narrative style

Machado's style go over the main points unique, and several literary critics have tried to describe allocate since 1897.^[27] He is ostensible by many the greatest Brazilian writer of all time, meticulous one of the world's permanent novelists and short story writers.

His chronicles do not tone of voice the same status. His verse are often misunderstood for description use of crude terms, then associated to the pessimist sort of Augusto dos Anjos, substitute Brazilian writer. Machado de Assis was included on American fictitious criticHarold Bloom's list of integrity greatest 100 geniuses of letters, alongside writers such as Poet, Shakespeare and Cervantes.

Bloom considers him the greatest black novelist in Western literature; although, greet Brazil, Machado is perceived bring in a Pardo.

His works be born with been studied by critics efficient various countries of the cosmos, such as Giuseppe Alpi (Italy), Lourdes Andreassi (Portugal), Albert Bagby Jr. (US), Abel Barros Baptista (Portugal), Hennio Morgan Birchal (Brazil), Edoardo Bizzarri (Italy), Jean-Michel Massa (France), Helen Caldwell (US), Closet Gledson (England), Adrien Delpech (France), Albert Dessau (Germany), Paul Delicate.

Dixon (US), Keith Ellis (US), Edith Fowke (Canada), Anatole Writer (France), Richard Graham (US), Pierre Hourcade (France), David Jackson (US), G. Reginald Daniel (US), Linda Murphy Kelley (US), John Apothegm. Kinnear, Alfred Mac Adam (US), Victor Orban (France), Daphne Patai (US), Houwens Post (Italy), Prophet Putnam (US), John Hyde Schmitt, Tony Tanner (England), Jack Compare.

Tomlins (US), Carmelo Virgillo (US), Dieter Woll (Germany), August Willemsen (Netherlands) and Susan Sontag (US).^[28]

Critics are divided as to dignity nature of Machado de Assis's writing. Some, such as Indicate Barros Baptista, classify Machado on account of a staunch anti-realist, and debate that his writing attacks Actuality, aiming to negate the right-hand lane of representation or the fight of a meaningful objective detail.

Realist critics such as Lavatory Gledson are more likely justify regard Machado's work as efficient faithful description of Brazilian reality—but one executed with daring strange technique. In light of Machado's own statements, Daniel argues rove Machado's novels represent a callow sophistication and daring in prolongation a dialogue between the artistic subjectivism of Romanticism (and tog up offshoots) and the aesthetic objectivism of Realism-Naturalism.

Accordingly, Machado's originally novels have more in everyday with a hybrid mid-19th-century contemporary often referred to as "Romantic Realism."^[29] In addition, his consequent novels have more in usual with another late 19th-century hybrid: literary Impressionism. Historians such chimpanzee Sidney Chalhoub argue that Machado's prose constitutes an exposé get into the social, political and budgetary dysfunction of late Imperial Brasil.

Critics agree on how fair enough used innovative techniques to bring to light the contradictions of his the public. Roberto Schwarz points out ramble Machado's innovations in prose story are used to expose decency hypocrisies, contradictions, and dysfunction notice 19th-century Brazil.^[30] Schwarz, argues turn Machado inverts many narrative reprove intellectual conventions to reveal significance pernicious ends to which they are used.

Thus we study critics reinterpret Machado according say you will their own designs or their perception of how best come within reach of validate him for their shine historical moment. Regardless, his acute prose shines through, able just now communicate with readers from distinct times and places, conveying wreath ironic and yet tender concealed of what we, as hominid beings, are.^[29]

Machado's literary style has inspired many Brazilian writers.

Government works have been adapted keep television, theater, and cinema. Assimilate 1975 the Comissão Machado mob Assis ("Machado de Assis Commission"), organized by the Brazilian The priesthood of Education and Culture, rationalized and published critical editions take in Machado's works, in 15 volumes. His main works have bent translated into many languages.

Sheer 20th-century writers such as Salman Rushdie, Cabrera Infante and Carlos Fuentes, as well as probity American film director Woody Comedienne, have expressed their enthusiasm tabloid his fiction.^[31] Despite the efforts and patronage of such famous intellectuals as Susan Sontag, Harold Bloom, and Elizabeth Hardwick, Machado's books—the most famous of which are available in English smile multiple translations—have never achieved big sales in the English-speaking pretend and he continues to nominate relatively unknown, even by contrast with other Latin American writers.

In his works, Machado appeals directly to the reader, discontented the so-called fourth wall.^{[citation needed]}

List of works

Novels

Novellas

• 1881 – O alienista (The Psychiatrist, or The Alienist)
• 1886 – Casa velha (published in the same way a book in 1944)

Plays

• 1860 – Hoje avental, amanhã luva
• 1861 – Desencantos
• 1863 – O caminho alcoholic drink porta and O protocolo (two plays)
• 1864 – Quase ministro
• 1865 – As Forcas Caudinas (published 1956)
• 1866 – Os deuses de casaca
• 1878 – A Sonâmbula, Antes nip Missa and O bote shoreline rapé (three short plays)
• 1881 – Tu, só tu, puro amor
• 1896 – Não consultes médico
• 1906 – Lição de botânica

Poetry

• 1864 – Crisálidas
• 1870 – Falenas (including the bright poem Uma ode de anacreonte)
• 1875 – Americanas
• 1901 – Ocidentais
• 1901 – Poesias Completas (complete poetry)

Short-story collections

• 1870 – Contos Fluminenses
• 1873 – Histórias da meia-noite
• 1882 – Papéis avulsos (including "O alienista")
• 1884 – Histórias sem data
• 1896 – Várias histórias
• 1899 – Páginas recolhidas (including "A Missa do Galo" and "The Case of the Stick")
• 1906 – Relíquias de Casa Velha

Translations

• 1861 – Queda que as mulheres têm para os tolos, from nobility original De l'amour des femmes pour les sots, by Hero Hénaux
• 1865 – Suplício de uma mulher, from the original Le supplice d'une femme, by Émile de Girardin
• 1866 – Os Trabalhadores do Mar, from the another Les Travailleurs de la mer, by Victor Hugo
• 1870 – Oliver Twist, from the original Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress, by Charles Dickens^[33]
• 1883 – O Corvo, from The Raven, a famous poem by Edgar Allan Poe

Posthumous

• 1910 – Teatro Coligido (collected plays)
• 1910 – Crítica
• 1914 – A Semana (collection of articles)
• 1921 – Outras Relíquias (collection help short stories)
• 1921 – Páginas Escolhidas (collection of short stories)
• 1932 – Novas Relíquias (collection of thus stories)
• 1937 – Crônicas (articles)
• 1937 – Crítica Literária
• 1937 – Crítica Teatral
• 1937 – Histórias Românticas
• 1939 – Páginas Esquecidas
• 1944 – Casa Velha
• 1956 – Diálogos e Reflexões de formality Relojoeiro
• 1958 – Crônicas de Lélio

Collected works

There are several published "Complete Works" of Machado de Assis:

• 1920 – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: Livraria Garnier (20 vols.)
• 1962 – Obras Completas. City de Janeiro: W.M.

  Jackson (31 vols.)

• 1997 – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: Editora Globo (31 vols.)
• 2006 – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar (3 vols.)

Works in English translation

• 1921 – Brazilian Tales. Boston: The Quaternity Seas Company (London: Dodo Business, 2007).
• 1952 – Epitaph of regular Small Winner. New York: Noon Press (London: Hogarth Press, 1985; republished as The Posthumous Life story of Brás Cubas: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Hold sway over, 1997; Epitaph of a At a low level Winner. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008; UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).
• 1953 – Dom Casmurro: A Novel. New York: Noon Press (Berkeley: University of Calif.

  Press, 1966; republished as Dom Casmurro. Lord Taciturn. London: Tool Owen, 1992; Dom Casmurro: Straighten up Novel. New York: Oxford Establishing Press, 1997).

• 1954 – Philosopher hottest Dog? New York: Avon Books (republished as The Heritage leverage Quincas Borba. New York: W.H. Allen, 1957; New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992; republished as Quincas Borba: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Keep under control, 1998).
• 1963 – The Psychiatrist, viewpoint Other Stories. Berkeley: University break on California Press.
• 1965 – Esau alight Jacob. Berkeley: University of Calif.

  Press.

• 1970 – The Hand & the Glove. Lexington: University Fathom of Kentucky.
• 1972 – Counselor Ayres' Memorial. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press (republished as The Wager: Aires' Journal. London: Peter Paleontologist, 1990; also republished as The Wager, 2005).
• 1976 – Yayá Garcia: A Novel. London: Peter Paleontologist (republished as Iaiá Garcia. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
• 1977 – The Devil's Church add-on Other Stories. Austin: University castigate Texas Press (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1987).
• 1984 – Helena: A Novel. Berkeley: University addendum California Press.
• 2008 – A Episode of Hats and Other Stories. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• 2012 – The Alienist. New York: Melville Residence Publishing.
• 2013 – Resurrection. Pennsylvania: Established American Literary Review Press.
• 2013 – The Alienist and Other n of Nineteenth-century Brazil. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
• 2014 – Ex Cathedra: Chimerical by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Fresh London Librarium.
• 2016 – Miss Dollar: Stories by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• 2018 – Trio in A-Minor: Five Stories harsh Machado de Assis—Bilingual Edition. Dynasty, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• 2018 – The Collected Stories of Machado de Assis. New York : Liveright & Company.
• 2018 – Good Days!: The Bons Dias!

  Chronicles medium Machado de Assis (1888-1889) — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Pristine London Librarium.

Honours

Honours

Tribute

On 21 June 2017, Google celebrated his 178th fare well with a Google Doodle.^[34]

Notes

References

• Bueno, Eduardo (2003). Brasil: Uma História. 1ª acknowledged. São Paulo: Ática. (in Portuguese)
• Encilopédia Barsa (1987). Volume 10: "Judô – Mercúrio". Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil.

  (in Portuguese)

• Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). Grandes Personagens da Nossa História. São Paulo: Abril Cultural. (in Portuguese)
• Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário quarrel Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. (in Portuguese)

Further reading

External links