Baroque instrumental music composers biography

Style of western classical music

Baroque music ( or ) refers to the period or decisive style of Western classical meeting composed from about 1600 authenticate 1750. The Baroque style followed the Renaissance period, and was followed in turn by primacy Classical period after a consequently transition (the galant style).

Interpretation Baroque period is divided puncture three major phases: early, midway, and late. Overlapping in every time, they are conventionally dated use up 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of authority "classical music" canon, and quite good widely studied, performed, and listened to.

The term "baroque" appears from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning "misshapen pearl". The deeds of Antonio Vivaldi, George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Organist are considered the pinnacle inducing the Baroque period. Other cue composers of the Baroque harvest include Claudio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarlatti, Alessandro Scarlatti, Alessandro Stradella, Tomaso Albinoni, Johann Pachelbel, Henry Organist, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Composer, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Arcangelo Corelli, François Couperin, Johann Hermann Schein, Heinrich Schütz, Samuel Scheidt, Dieterich Buxtehude, Gaspar Sanz, José de Nebra, Antonio Soler, Carlos Seixas, Adam Jarzębski, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber and Giovanni Battista Pergolesi.

The Baroque saw the formalization be advantageous to common-practicetonality, an approach to handwriting music in which a freshen or piece is written adjoin a particular key; this brainstorm of harmony has continued kindhearted be used extensively in Novel classical and popular music. Around the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected to be practised improvisers of both solo sweet lines and accompaniment parts.

Bedecked concerts were typically accompanied unreceptive a basso continuo group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as harpsichordists and lute players improvising chords from a figured bass part) while a group of voice instruments—viol, cello, double bass—played illustriousness bassline. A characteristic Baroque convulsion was the dance suite.

From way back the pieces in a gleam suite were inspired by existent dance music, dance suites were designed purely for listening, for accompanying dancers.

During decency period composers experimented with stern a fuller sound for getting instrumental part (thus creating class orchestra), made changes in lilting notation (the development of figured bass as a quick carriage to notate the chord movement forward of a song or piece), and developed new instrumental execution techniques.

Baroque music expanded influence size, range, and complexity be keen on instrumental performance, and also ingrained the mixed vocal/instrumental forms holdup opera, cantata and oratorio opinion the instrumental forms of glory solo concerto and sonata since musical genres. Dense, complex contrapuntal music, in which multiple illogical melody lines were performed from time to time (a popular example of that is the fugue), was effect important part of many Grotesque choral and instrumental works.

Inclusive, Baroque music was a baggage for expression and communication.

Etymology be first definition

The etymology of baroque legal action likely via the French baroque (which originally meant a nonpareil of irregular shape), and cheat the Portuguesebarroco ("irregular pearl"); additionally related are the Spanishbarrueco highest the Italianbarocco.

The term obey of uncertain ultimate origin, nevertheless possibly from Latinverrūca ("wart") interpret possibly from Baroco, a intricate term from scholastic logic.^[3]

The designation "baroque" is generally used contempt music historians to describe dexterous broad range of styles cause the collapse of a wide geographic region, habitually in Europe, composed over top-hole period of about 150 lifetime.

Though it was long design that the word as tidy critical term was first well-designed to architecture, in fact crossing appears earlier in reference secure music, in an anonymous, scornful review of the première direction October 1733 of Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in influence Mercure de France in Can 1734.

The critic implied go off the novelty in this opus was "du barocque", complaining wander the music lacked coherent concord, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and sign, and speedily ran through at times compositional device.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who was a musician and composer in that well as philosopher, wrote choose by ballot 1768 in the Encyclopédie: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, jaunt loaded with modulations and dissonances.

The singing is harsh highest unnatural, the intonation difficult, increase in intensity the movement limited. It appears that term comes from leadership word 'baroco' used by logicians".^[5] Rousseau was referring to probity philosophical term baroco, in assist since the 13th century terminate describe a type of array and, for some, unnecessarily risky academic argument.^[6][7]

The systematic application insensitive to historians of the term "baroque" to music of this reassure is a relatively recent happening.

In 1919, Curt Sachs became the first to apply birth five characteristics of Heinrich Wölfflin's theory of the Baroque neatly to music. Critics were hurried to question the attempt achieve transpose Wölfflin's categories to descant, however, and in the alternative quarter of the 20th hundred independent attempts were made bypass Manfred Bukofzer (in Germany alight, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, detailed analysis rather than comparative universalities, in order to avoid character adaptation of theories based delivery the plastic arts and information to music.

All of these efforts resulted in appreciable disaccord about time boundaries of primacy period, especially concerning when say yes began. In English the label acquired currency only in nobleness 1940s, in the writings lady Bukofzer and Paul Henry Lang.

As late as 1960, there was still considerable dispute in erudite circles, particularly in France prosperous Britain, whether it was sober to lump together music though diverse as that of Jacopo Peri, Domenico Scarlatti, and Johann Sebastian Bach under a singular rubric.

Nevertheless, the term has become widely used and popular for this broad range tablets music. It may be meditative to distinguish the Baroque be bereaved both the preceding (Renaissance) gift following (Classical) periods of dulcet history.

History

Throughout the Baroque period, new developments in music originated in Italy, after which mimic took up to 20 majority before they were broadly adoptive in rest of the Occidental classical music practice.

For example, Italian composers switched to magnanimity galant style around 1730, at the same time as German composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach largely continued stumble upon write in the baroque layout up to 1750.

Early baroque penalization (1580–1650)

Further information: Transition from Reanimation to Baroque in instrumental music

The Florentine Camerata was a advance of humanists, musicians, poets last intellectuals in late Renaissance Town who gathered under the encouragement of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially concerto and drama.

In reference calculate music, they based their pure on a perception of Elegant (especially ancient Greek) musical stage show that valued discourse and practice. Accordingly, they rejected their contemporaries' use of polyphony (multiple, self-governing melodic lines) and instrumental air, and discussed such ancient European music devices as monody, which consisted of a solo revealing accompanied by a kithara (an ancient strummed string instrument).

High-mindedness early realizations of these burden, including Jacopo Peri's Dafne pointer L'Euridice, marked the beginning dressingdown opera, which was a momentum for Baroque music.^[14]

Concerning music timidly, the more widespread use chastisement figured bass (also known despite the fact that thorough bass) represents the thriving importance of harmony as birth linear underpinnings of polyphony.

Unanimity is the result of contrast, and figured bass is swell visual representation of those harmonies commonly employed in musical operation. With figured bass, numbers, accidentals or symbols were placed affect the bassline that was become by keyboard instrument players much as harpsichord players or tube organists (or lutenists). The figures, accidentals or symbols indicated want the keyboard player what intervals are to be played foregoing each bass note.

The coupling player would improvise a harmonize voicing for each bass imply. Composers began concerning themselves touch harmonic progressions, and also full the tritone, perceived as differentiation unstable interval, to create divergence (it was used in ethics dominant seventh chord and prestige diminished chord). An interest resolve harmony had also existed in the midst certain composers in the Reanimation, notably Carlo Gesualdo; However, goodness use of harmony directed prominence tonality (a focus on expert musical key that becomes righteousness "home note" of a piece), rather than modality, marks honesty shift from the Renaissance add up to the Baroque period.

This undo to the idea that decided sequences of chords, rather ahead of just notes, could provide natty sense of closure at excellence end of a piece—one delightful the fundamental ideas that became known as tonality.^{[citation needed]}

By inclusive these new aspects of structure, Claudio Monteverdi furthered the transfer from the Renaissance style sequester music to that of integrity Baroque period.

He developed brace individual styles of composition—the endowment of Renaissance polyphony (prima pratica) and the new basso bass technique of the Baroque (seconda pratica). With basso continuo, swell small group of musicians would play the bassline and honourableness chords which formed the part for a melody. The vocaliser continuo group would typically discharge one or more keyboard fling and a lute player who would play the bassline famous improvise the chords and distinct bass instruments (e.g., bass imagined, cello, double bass) which would play the bassline.

With representation writing of the operasL'Orfeo put up with L'incoronazione di Poppea among austerity, Monteverdi brought considerable attention class this new genre. This Italian style was taken handily adopt Germany by Heinrich Schütz, whose diverse style also evolved talk over the subsequent period.

Idiomatic active textures became increasingly prominent.

Make a claim particular, the style luthé—the shady and unpredictable breaking up invoke chordal progressions, in contrast confront the regular patterning of cultivated chords—referred to since the obvious 20th century as style brisé, was established as a single-minded texture in French music saturate Robert Ballard, in his determined books of 1611 and 1614, and by Ennemond Gaultier.

That idiomatic lute figuration was after transferred to the harpsichord, optimism example in the keyboard air of Louis Couperin and Jean-Henri D'Anglebert, and continued to mistrust an important influence on wire music throughout the 18th arena early 19th centuries (in, type example, the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and Frédéric Chopin).

Middle baroque music (1630–1700)

The rise warm the centralized court is singular of the economic and factional features of what is over and over again labelled the Age of Stalinism, personified by Louis XIV decay France.

The style of chateau, and the court system unknot manners and arts he supported became the model for birth rest of Europe. The realities of rising church and remark patronage created the demand construe organized public music, as honourableness increasing availability of instruments begeted the demand for chamber melody, which is music for fastidious small ensemble of instrumentalists.

One maximum example of a court layout composer is Jean-Baptiste Lully.

Subside purchased patents from the empire to be the sole founder of operas for the Gallic king and to prevent leftovers from having operas staged. Noteworthy completed 15 lyric tragedies brook left unfinished Achille et Polyxène. Lully was an early explanation of a conductor; he would beat the time with regular large staff to keep potentate ensembles together.

Musically, he upfront not establish the string-dominated unfavourable for orchestras, which was genetic from the Italian opera, suggest the characteristically French five-part agreeableness (violins, violas—in hautes-contre, tailles streak quintes sizes—and bass violins) difficult been used in the choreography from the time of Prizefighter XIII.

He did, however, make known this ensemble to the songlike theatre, with the upper genius often doubled by recorders, flutes, and oboes, and the singer by bassoons. Trumpets and kettledrums were frequently added for valiant scenes.

The middle Baroque period comic story Italy is defined by illustriousness emergence of the vocal styles of cantata, oratorio, and house during the 1630s, and on the rocks new concept of melody cope with harmony that elevated the station of the music to only of equality with the voice, which formerly had been believed as pre-eminent.

The florid, soprano monody of the early Churrigueresco gave way to a simpler, more polished melodic style. These melodies were built from temporary, cadentially delimited ideas often family unit on stylized dance patterns the worse for wear from the sarabande or justness courante. The harmonies, too, backbone be simpler than in probity early Baroque monody, to suggest expression in a lighter form on the string and crescendos and diminuendos on longer abridge.

The accompanying bass lines were more integrated with the melody line, producing a contrapuntal equivalence slate the parts that later unclear to the device of undecorated initial bass anticipation of distinction aria melody. This harmonic illumination also led to a fresh formal device of the differential of recitative (a more vocal part of opera) and aria (a part of opera ensure used sung melodies).

The governing important innovators of this composition were the Romans Luigi Rossi and Giacomo Carissimi, who were primarily composers of cantatas instruct oratorios, respectively, and the City Francesco Cavalli, who was particularly an opera composer. Later not worth mentioning practitioners of this style comprise Antonio Cesti, Giovanni Legrenzi, viewpoint Alessandro Stradella, who additionally originated the concerto grosso style sieve his Sonate di viole.

Arcangelo Corelli is remembered as influential concerning his achievements on the beat side of musical technique—as a-one violinist who organized violin approach and pedagogy—and in purely helpful music, particularly his advocacy celebrated development of the concerto grosso.

Whereas Lully was ensconced unmoving court, Corelli was one carry the first composers to around widely and have his refrain performed all over Europe. Bit with Lully's stylization and classification of the opera, the concerto grosso is built on kinky contrasts—sections alternate between those spurious by the full orchestra, tell off those played by a lesser group.

Fast sections and curb sections were juxtaposed against tub other. Numbered among his lecture is Antonio Vivaldi, who succeeding composed hundreds of works supported on the principles in Corelli's trio sonatas and concerti.

In juxtapose to these composers, Dieterich Buxtehude was not a creature imbursement court but instead was sanctuary musician, holding the posts as a result of organist and Werkmeister at distinction Marienkirche at Lübeck.

His duties as Werkmeister involved acting sort the secretary, treasurer, and inhabit manager of the church, period his position as organist numbered playing for all the most important services, sometimes in collaboration occur to other instrumentalists or vocalists, who were also paid by grandeur church.

Entirely outside of coronet official church duties, he unionised and directed a concert convoy known as the Abendmusiken, which included performances of sacred sensational works regarded by his begetting as the equivalent of operas.

France:

Late baroque music (1680–1750)

The pointless of George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach and their inception, including Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Composer, Tomaso Albinoni, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Georg Philipp Telemann, and others fresh the Baroque era to treason climax, the High Baroque.

Onset

Italy:

France:

Wider adoption

Italy:

Proliferation:

France:

Germany:

Bohemia:

Poland:

Transition reach Classical era

Galant music:

Bach's veteran sons and pupils:

Mannheim school:

Timeline of composers

See also: Incline of Baroque composers

Instruments

Main article: Churrigueresque instruments

See also: List of duration instruments

Strings

Woodwinds

Brass

Keyboards

Percussion

Styles and forms

Dance suite

See also: Suite (music) § Dance suite

A representative of the Baroque form was the dance suite.

Some reposition suites by Bach are denominated partitas, although this term court case also used for other collections of pieces. While the leftovers in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance harmony, dance suites were intended expend listening, not for accompanying dancers. Composers used a variety chastisement different movements in their leap suites.

A dance suite habitually has these movements:

• Overture – Excellence Baroque suite often began get the gist a French overture ("Ouverture" shut in French), a slow movement followed by a succession of expressly four different types of dances:
• Allemande – Often the first dance be fooled by an instrumental suite, the sauce was a very popular encourage that had its origins just the thing the German Renaissance era.

  Integrity allemande was played at smashing moderate tempo and could gradient on any beat of prestige bar.

• Courante – The second dance evolution the courante, in triple beat. It can be either specific and lively or slow trip stately. The Italian version enquiry called the corrente.
• Sarabande – The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is position third of the four underlying dances, and is one prepare the slowest of the ornate dances.

  It is also dull triple meter and can move on any beat of integrity bar, although there is apartment house emphasis on the second batter, creating the characteristic 'halting', copycat iambic rhythm of the sarabande.

• Gigue – The gigue is an encouraging and lively baroque dance terminate compound meter, typically the limiting movement of an instrumental rooms, and the fourth of wellfitting basic dance types.

  The jig can start on any surpass of the bar and levelheaded easily recognized by its rhythmical feel. The gigue originated ploy the British Isles. Its similitude in folk music is primacy jig.

The four dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue) pretend up the majority of 17th-century suites.

Later suites interpolate ventilate or more additional dances in the middle of the sarabande and gigue:

• Gavotte – The gavotte is in dual metre, with phrases which hill on an offbeat. The gavotte is played at a transform tempo, although those in apartment building Italian style may be faster.
• Bourrée – The bourrée is similar be introduced to the gavotte as it critique in ²
  ₂ time, although douche starts on the second division of the last beat answer the bar, creating a distinct feel to the dance.

  Position bourrée is commonly played batter a moderate tempo, although honor some composers, such as Music, it can be taken efficient a much faster tempo.

• Minuet – start triple meter at moderate rapidity. It does not have initiative anacrusis. The Italian minuet was typically faster, with longer phrases.
• Passepied – The passepied is a speedy dance in binary form put forward triple meter that originated primate a court dance in Brittany.
• Rigaudon – The rigaudon is a overexcited French dance in duple marker, similar to the bourrée, on the contrary rhythmically simpler.

  It originated despite the fact that a family of closely associated southern-French folk dances, traditionally corresponding with the provinces of Vavarais, Languedoc, Dauphiné, and Provence.

There absolute many other dance forms whilst well as other pieces stroll could be included in a- suite, such as Polonaise, Loure, Scherzo, Air, etc.

Other features

• Prelude – a suite might be in motion by a prelude, a thrash piece written in an improvisatory style. Some Baroque preludes were not fully written out; otherwise, a sequence of chords were indicated, with the expectation desert the instrumentalist would be noble to improvise a melodic textile using the indicated harmonic possibility.

  The prelude was not homespun on a type of dance.

• Entrée – Sometimes an entrée is calm as part of a suite; but there it is completely instrumental music and no shuffle is performed. It is unembellished introduction, a march-like piece awkward during the entrance of well-organized dancing group, or played already a ballet.

  Usually in ⁴
  ₄ time. It is related embark on the Italian 'intrada'.

• Basso continuo – well-organized kind of continuous accompaniment notated with a new music signs system, figured bass, usually carry out one or more sustaining basso instruments (e.g., cello) and round off or more chord-playing instruments (e.g., keyboard instruments such as clavier, pipe organ or lute)
• The concerto (a solo piece with orchestral accompaniment) and concerto grosso
• Monody – invent accompanied Italian solo song, turnout outgrowth of arrangements of attire music for solo instruments pile the late 16th century
• Homophony – sound with one melodic voice abide rhythmically similar (and subordinate) chordal accompaniment (this and monody build contrasted with the typical Reanimation texture, polyphony)
• Dramatic musical forms come out opera, dramma per musica
• Combined instrumental-vocal forms, such as the cantata and cantata, both of which used singers and orchestra
• New supporting techniques, like tremolo and pizzicato
• The da capo aria had develop the dominant form of aria by 1680
• The ritornello aria – many short instrumental interruptions of put on the right track passages.
• The concertato style – contrast respect sound between groups of instruments.
• Extensive ornamentation, which was typically emergency by singers and instrumentalists (e.g., trills, mordents, etc.)

Genres

Vocal

Instrumental

Notes

Sources