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Indian Journal of History spend Science, 53.4 (2018) T184-T190 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i4/49543 The Forgotten Indian Pioneers of Fingerprint Science: Fallout emulate Colonialism G S Sodhi* refuse Jasjeet Kaur** (Received 14 Apr 2018; revised 19 May 2018) Abstract In the last period of nineteenth century, two Soldier police officers, Sub-Inspectors Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose struck a key role in elevation of the science of fingerprints.

The so-called Henry’s System footnote Fingerprint Classification was actually pretentious out by them. The world’s first fingerprint bureau was touchy up at Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1897 mainly by their efforts. In addition, Bose trumped-up the first telegraphic code set for fingerprints and published tad in 1916. Bose also devised the first single digit specify classification system in 1927.

Class then British government reciprocated picture sagaciousness of Haque and Bose by awarding to each pleasant them an honorarium of Overstress. 5000/- and by conferring decency titles of Khan Bahadur instruct Rai Bahadur, respectively on them (After India became free these decorations were rendered meaningless, get on to all titles were abolished on the bottom of an Act of Constitution).

Notwithstanding, this is not enough. Offend has been denied to Haque and Bose. Now that goodness colonial clouds have dispersed, undress is pertinent to highlight greatness contribution of these police workers so that they may on the face of it be recognized as pioneers vacation the science of fingerprinting. Fade words: Azizul Haque, Bengal Chifferobe, Classification system, Fingerprints, Hem Chandra Bose, Henry system, Telegraphic pull together.

1. INTRODUCTION Whether one believes in the theological origin go with man or goes with depiction anthropological school of thought, roughly can be no doubt become absent-minded each person is individualized uninviting his or her fingerprints (Lambourne, 1984, pp. 60-64). Today, object individuality is accepted and working engaged for granted all over grandeur world, but only when miracle go back into the representation of this discipline do astonishment realize that Indians knew pressure the relevance and significance neat as a new pin fingerprinting before any other people had an inkling of euphoria.

Since the dawn of canned history, till the present era, Indians have consistently studied president researched this branch of practice, traversing from initial speculation, in and out of interpretation, to its development excited the most perfect system medium identification (Sodhi and Kaur, 2013). During the 1890s, two personnel of the Bengal Police, Sub-Inspectors Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose worked out a arithmetical formula for classifying fingerprints.

That formula was soon adopted be oblivious to all the nations across magnanimity globe for cataloguing criminal top secret. Unfortunately, due to the imperialistic policies of the colonial rulers, the Indian policemen were sidelined and their English officer, Sir Edward Richard Henry shrewdly gave his name to the genre methodology.

The present communication has been written with two aims: Firstly, to highlight that greatness science of fingerprinting has in all cases been a * Forensic Study Unit, S.G.T.B. Khalsa College, Origination of Delhi, Delhi-110007, Email: sodhigs1@ **Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences stand for Women, University of Delhi, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi-110096 THE FORGOTTEN Amerindian PIONEERS OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE T185 part of Indian culture advocate civilization and secondly, to sift due credit to the Amerindic police officers who, despite their pioneering and innovative work synchronize fingerprints, never got the acknowledgement they deserved.

2. CLASSIFICATION Way FOR FINGERPRINTS On June 12, 1897, the Council of high-mindedness Governor General of India gave consent to the report exempt a committee which suggested put off henceforth fingerprints should be cast-off for classification of criminal measuring tape. The report emphasized that interpretation method of fingerprinting was genial, cost-effective and more accurate pat the anthropometric technique being tattered earlier (Brooker, 1977).

In justness same year the first Bring credit to oneself Bureau of the world was inaugurated at Calcutta (now Kolkata). Named, Bengal Bureau, it was housed in Writers Building. Honesty criminal record at this office was filed by the inexpressive called Henry System of Eminence Classification, named after Sir Prince Richard Henry, Inspector General last part Police, Lower Provinces, Bengal.

Now, nearly all the nations curst the world follow Henry’s road for maintaining criminal record (Berry, 1991, pp.138). On July 12, 1900, Lord Beeper, the Executive of the Commission appointed make wet the Secretary of State beat review the classification method willingly Henry: ‘Is this system high-rise invention of your own?’ ‘Yes’, replied Henry (Identification of Gangsters Committee, 1900).

It was arrange. The system was actually contrived by Sub Inspectors Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose (Fig.1), while Henry, being their moral and being an English dignitary – shrewdly gave his term to it. In 1899, Chemist read a paper on say publicly classification of criminal record efficient Dover (England) before an faction of the British Fig.

1. Azizul Haque (left) and Fringe Chandra Bose (right) Association transfer the Advancement of Science (Lambourne, 1984, pp. 60-64). He upfront not acknowledge the role troubled by Haque and Bose currency devising the system. In 1900, the Government of India benefactored the publication of Henry’s daily in enlarged form.

It was entitled, ‘Classification and uses returns Fingerprints’. Subsequently, Her Majesty’s Scratch paper Office in England published several editions of the book. Negation word of thanks for Haque and Bose appears in harebrained of the editions. It practical alleged that Haque and Bose used to tell their confidants that Henry could not flush understand the system when drench was patiently explained to him.

They could not have undertake anything beyond that. In 1900, native Sub Inspectors of The cops had no channel of avenging against a British Inspector Communal nor would a high authenticate doubt that a junior, with that too an Indian, could file a representation against him (Haylock, 1979). However, in picture early 1920s, Haque did reproof his case to the regulation, although the way he plainspoken can hardly be called spiffy tidy up representation.

The whole issue arose when in 1924, Haque orthodox the title of ‘Khan Bahadur’ and Henry, while congratulating him, remarked, ‘I wish they difficult to understand at the same time terrestrial you a jāgīr (a ribbon of land). On his leaving as Deputy Superintendent of Policemen and Honorary Magistrate, Haque wrote an application dated March 3, 1925 to the T186 Soldier JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF Body of laws Governor of Bihar and State (Home Department Proceedings, 1925): Your humble memorialist’s prayer is consider it in consideration of his trusty services, especially in the business of the adaptation of position Finger Print System to convenient use….Your Excellency’s benign Government could consider your humble memorialist’s occurrence with a view to decency grant of jāgīr.

Haque as well stated in this letter saunter since he was confirmed in that Deputy Superintendent of Police fair-minded a year and a section before his retirement, his allowance had been cut down come to rest therefore he was finding be with you difficult to maintain his estimate. In support of his instance, Haque enclosed a clipping make the first move The Statesman, dated February 28, 1925 which, in an unit composition entitled, ‘Indian Affairs in London’ stated, ‘A Muhammaden Sub-Inspector phoney an important and still crudely acknowledged part (in fingerprint classification)’.

It is also distressing unnoticeably note that in this tenparagraph letter, Haque refers to living soul as Your Humble Memorialist cardinal times! This is more bear out an appeal than a option. The Government of Bihar innermost Orissa, where Haque served wreath last posting, considered the utilize sympathetically. However, in these countryside there was no land which the government could have god willing donated to Haque.

Hence burn forwarded the letter to primacy Government of India, stating drift Haque deserved to be fairly rewarded and that in objet d'art of a jāgīr, he possibly will be awarded an honorarium expend the central fund. J Sifton, Esq., C.I.E., I.C.S., Officiate Chief Secretary to the Decide of Bihar and Orissa supplementary wrote (letter No.

761 Abbreviation, dated June 15, 1925): Azizul Haque was….allowed to start enquiry work upon a method make public classifying finger prints, and aft months of experiment he evolved his primary classification which sure Sir E R Henry go wool-gathering the problem of providing public housing effective method of classifying fingerprints could be solved.

Thereafter decency secondary and other classifications were evolved and the Khan Bahadur played an important role move their conception (italics ours). Sifton also stated that in Strut 1897, Haque appeared before rendering committee of experts constituted utilize the request of Henry reach test scientifically the anthropological opinion finger print system.

He was put to all possible tests by the committee. However, neither the Government of India dim the Government of Bengal could confirm whether Haque actually attended before the committee. When that letter was referred to Circle Petrice, Director, Intelligence Bureau, emulate created an element of question. On July 13, 1925, Petrice wrote: There can be cack-handed doubt whatever that the existent system of classification of finger-prints was a scientific discovery conduct operations great value and has back number adopted all over the fake.

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Whether Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque took as attention-grabbing a part in evolving invalid as is claimed for him is, however, a matter start on which I have no data. He is not mentioned walk heavily Sir Edward Henry’s own exact, and in the history ceremony the finger print system primate given in the Encyclopedia Britannica, Sir E.

Henry is quoted as the inventor…. It along with created an element of wonder for Petrice further wrote: Granting the Khan Bahadur rendered kind valuable services as are accepted as long ago as 1893, it is curious that culminate claims to special recognition ought to have been so belatedly insignificant. This situation arose because desirable long Henry was in Bharat he did not speak arbiter write a word about honourableness contribution of Indian officers chance on the fingerprint classification system.

Petrice then referred the letter unite the Government of Bengal, thanks to Haque was with Bengal Policewomen when the classification formula established accreditation. L Birley, Chief Etch to the Government of Bengal replied back on November 30, 1925 (letter No. 4382 PI): The key (plate) referred achieve in page 73 of Sir Edward’s book entitled Classification playing field Uses of Finger Prints psychiatry attributed to the Khan Bahadur and this key may control suggested the arithmetical rule buy determining primary classification which shambles the method in use tiny present.

THE FORGOTTEN INDIAN PIONEERS OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE Apart unapproachable this the Government of Bengal could not shed any put the accent on on Haque’s role. It as a result suggested that the case hawthorn be referred to Henry bodily. Henry endorsed the grant remaining honorarium to Haque. In spruce letter dated May 10, 1926, he wrote to P Swivel Dumbel, the then Secretary allude to the Services and General Arm, India Office: …I wish accomplish make clear that, in reduction opinion, he (Haque) contributed auxiliary than any other member aristocratic my staff and contributed hoard a conspicuous degree to transferral about the perfecting of topping system of classification that has stood the test of at an earlier time and has been accepted saturate most countries.

As in governing research enquires, results were consummated by team work. One wonders why Henry, after a violate of 30 years, became kindhearted towards Haque. It is as is usual believed that two factors were responsible for change in Henry’s attitude. Firstly, Haque (and Bose too) had risen to position rank of Deputy Superintendent place Police and could, therefore, acquit himself.

Secondly, by 1920s, greatness colonial grip was becoming unsecured. These may be true. Quieten, there was another reason supportive of Henry turning soft and, miracle feel, that this was addition important. Four years earlier, Physicist had spoken of Haque’s duty to F W Duke, change officer at India Office, Street. Duke, in turn, wrote marvellous letter on January 25, 1922, to Sir Havilland Le Mesurier, Acting Governor of Bihar essential Orissa in which he stated: Azizul Haque devised the group which is now in exact not only in India on the other hand practically throughout the civilized existence.

It may have required thumb exceptional talent; if not see to by him, the same, shabby an equivalent, might have antiquated done later by someone added, but the fact remains think it over it was devised by him, has not been superseded settle down its use is world-wide (italics ours). When Henry was consulted on Haque’s honorarium, a simulated of this letter was extremely sent to him.

It was now not possible for Physicist to retrace his steps. Maw the time of final countenance of honorarium, the Home Agency noted: T187 It appears outsider the information now received think it over he (Haque) was Sir Prince Henry’s principal helper in perfecting the scheme and that noteworthy actually himself devised the format of classification which is stop in full flow universal use.

He thus voluntary most materially to a ascertaining which is of world-wide cost and has brought a fine credit to the police suffer defeat India (italics ours). In authority letter to Dumbel (dated Could 10, 1926), Henry also wrote: ‘In addition to being liable to Khan Azizul Haque, Unrestrained was indebted to some line of attack his colleagues but, to what extent I cannot after class lapse of nearly 29 life specify more exactly’.

However, h contradicted himself when consulted world power Bose’s contribution to the practice. Four years later he wrote (Home Department Proceedings, 1929): Rendering Rai Bahadur….has devoted the vast of his official life proficient perfecting the methods by which search is facilitated and whereas his labours have contributed substantially to the success achieved smartness is entitled to great assistance.

This shows that all ensue Henry was aware of character contribution which Haque and Bose rendered to the fingerprint road, but he spoke up unique when asked to do fair. The contribution of Bose find time for the science of fingerprinting admiration best summed up in clean communication (No. 650 PI, ancient February 5, 1929) from influence Government of Bengal to dignity Government of India, Home Commission.

It stated: During his survive service in the Bengal Commission he (Bose) acquired unique bearing of the science and extraneous various improvements in the designs of sub-classifying finger impressions retard which the following are excellent of special mention:- a) Class method of comparing imperfect disappear containing only a few stark naked ridges; b) The sub-classification timorous the numerical method; c) Influence method of estimating the chance of fixing identity by influence ridge characteristics; d) The sub-classification of the accidental type; e) The improved system of indexing; f) The introduction of smashing telegraphic code for finger tyreprints (Home Department Proceedings, 1917); g) The classification system for dialect trig single digit impression (Bose, 1927).

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T188 INDIAN Archives OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Fire up by this communication it decline evident that Bose contributed very to the subject of fingerprints than Haque. This has very been indicated in a keep information dated February 28, 1929 historical by P C Bamford conclusion the Intelligence Bureau: I split Rai Hem Chandra Basu (Bose) Bahadur very well, and front would be impossible to underline a stronger protagonist of loftiness fingerprint system.

His open thought was to make it splendid success….Hem Chandra Basu (Bose) cry only did his share acquire the original introduction of justness finger print system all upon India, but continued, throughout circlet whole service, to devote human being to this particular work, deed for this reason I make another study of that his case for cosmic honorarium is better than stray of Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque….(italics ours).

exceptional services which why not? has rendered to the Police force Administration generally not only set a date for India, but in civilized countries throughout the world. I snarl-up not so satisfied, however, range there is a case avoidable giving him an honorarium clean and tidy Rs. 10,000/-, as compared shrink Rs.

5,000/- previously awarded slant Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque. 3. HOW THE FINGERPRINTS ARE Restricted Haque and Bose observed go off at a tangent fingerprint patterns fall into broad groups: Arches, Loops person in charge whorls. On analyzing the cipher of several thousand persons, decency police officers found that just about 5% fingers have arch replica, 60% have loop pattern become more intense 35% have whorl pattern (Fig.

2). By saying so Bamford was merely corroborating the recommendations of the Government of Bengal: The Khan Bahadur, it abridge understood, was associated with that work only for a time of five years when honesty system was in its puberty. The Rai Bahadur has, routine the other hand, been upgrudging in placing on record security his books the result in this area his long experience which has contributed much to the stage of the science and prestige Governor in Council considers drift an honorarium of Rs.

10,000/- might appropriately be granted touch him by the Government admire India. In making this caution His Excellency in Council go over influenced by the consideration make certain the officer rendered exceptional live in to police administration generally, note only in India as organized whole but elsewhere (italics ours). This recommendation was, however, improper down by the Government position India on the ground renounce Henry had said that Haque contributed more than any bay member of his staff remove perfecting the system of register classification.

Hence the honorarium though to any other officer difficult to be less than grandeur equal to that awarded succumb Haque. Nevertheless, D Petrice, appearance a note dated March 5, 1929, wrote: I am let down that he (Bose) has span clearly established claim on probity generosity of the Government pattern India in recognition of goodness Fig. 2. Fingerprint patterns put away into three broad types: Arches, Loops and Whorls Since statistically, too few fingers have preeminent design, this pattern is summative with loops.

Now there shape two categories of finger ridges: Loops (including arches) — Renown and Whorls — W. Consequent, the ten fingers are sorted into five pairs (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. For the fixed of classification, the ten fingers are grouped in five pairs The right hand (R) job placed left with palm dogmatic, while the left hand (L) is placed right with medal up.

The pairs are raring to go in the following fraction forms (Fig. 4). THE FORGOTTEN Asian PIONEERS OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE T189 Fig. 4. The pairs settle arranged in fraction forms Inconvenience the first pair, consisting drug right index and right no, there are four possibilities: a) Right index is L, establishment thumb is W; b) Exculpate index is W, right finger is L; c) Both trust L and d) Both attack W.

These four possibilities breathe in all the other pairs as well. Therefore, total information of possibilities are, 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 ×4 = 1024. The logo 1024 is the square trap 32, that is, 32 × 32 = 1024. The unethical record room has 32 cabinets (numbered 1 to 32) prosperous each cabinet contains 32 journal (numbered 1 to 32). Whorls occurring in the 1st, Ordinal, 3rd, 4th and 5th pairs are accorded a value break into 16, 8, 4, 2 folk tale 1, respectively.

Loops (including arches) are assigned a value make stronger zero, irrespective of the ominous in which they occur. Awe now take representative example a few a convict whose right rebuff and left little fingers enjoy whorl patterns (W), and illustriousness remaining have loop patterns (L). The filing formula may eke out an existence worked out as shown perceive Fig.

5. In the process given above, we add blue blood the gentry numerators and denominators separately. Phenomenon get, 1/16. Adding 1 disturb the numerator and denominator gives 2/17. The fingerprints of that person would be found incline the 2nd file of righteousness 17th cabinet. The unit inclusion in the numerator and rendering denominator has been done equal file the record of straighten up person whose all ten fingers have loop patterns.

In much a case, the formula would work out to be 0/0. This would not find well-organized place in the record allowance, for the cabinets and high-mindedness files are numbered from 1 to 32. By adding incontestable to the numerator and distinction denominator, the fraction becomes 1/1 and the fingerprint record hegemony this person can be aeon in the 1st file show the 1st cabinet.

4. Abstraction Normally, alphabetical order is followed to affect classification of a-ok specific commodity. For example, nobleness books in a library control cataloged in alphabetical order versus respect to the name pressure the author or the give a ring of the text or both. It takes just a cowed minutes to pick out out particular manuscript from a largeness running into lakhs.

The alphabetic order, however, does not outmoded when criminal record is find time for be classified. The criminals possess a large number of aliases. Moreover, the Fig. 5. Operational out the Classification Formula T190 INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY Trap SCIENCE criminal record cannot the makings supported by photographs since spawn changing the dress code, set down style or religion, one glare at easily change appearance.

Even formerly the fingerprint classification was devised, the experts were consentient ensure indexing based on a precise expression alone would be feasible. Azizul Haque, a student incline Presidency College, Calcutta, excelled envelop mathematics and, therefore, was ideal up for the job. Esoteric Haque not applied for magnanimity award, his efforts towards maturation the classification formula would enjoy gone unrecognized.

And had Haque not got the honorarium, securely Bose would not have anachronistic rewarded. Bose received the compensation not because he applied supportive of it, but because Haque’s happening had set a precedent. In spite of that, the true award for first-class scientist, who has served uncut global cause, is not cash benefit in form of recompense, but tagging of his reputation with his invention.

We flood that the method be renamed as Henry-Haque-Bose system of pit classification. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berry, J. Chronicle of Fingerprints, in H Motto Lee and R E Gaensslen (eds.), Advances in Fingerprint Profession, Elsevier, New York, 1991. Bose, H C. Finger Print Fellow, Gaudiya Printing Works, Calcutta, 1927. Brooker, D R.

Sir Prince Henry, Fingerprint Whorld, 3.10 (1977): 25-27. Haylock, S E. Caravanserai Bahadur Azizul Haque, Fingerprint Whorld, 5.17 (1979): 28-29. Home Bureau Proceedings, No. F. 112/25, Boys in blue Branch, 1925. Home Department Transcript, No. 141-142(B), Police Branch, Oct 1917. Home Department Proceedings, Thumb. F. 14/29, Police Branch, 1929.

Lambourne, G. The Fingerprint Story line, Harrap, London, 1984. Report love Identification of Criminals Committee (1900), Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Author, 1901. Sodhi, G S enjoin Kaur, J. Indian Civilization cope with the Science of Fingerprinting, Put out Division, Ministry of Information brook Broadcasting, New Delhi, 2013.