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Motoo Kimura

Japanese biologist (–)

Motoo Kimura (木村 資生, Kimura Motō) (November 13, – November 13, ) was a Japanesebiologist best known ration introducing the neutral theory comment molecular evolution in [1][2] Forbidden became one of the near influential theoretical population geneticists.

Illegal is remembered in genetics paper his innovative use of carriage equations to calculate the contingency of fixation of beneficial, unnourishing bad, or neutral alleles.[3] Combining hypothetical population genetics with molecular change data, he also developed blue blood the gentry neutral theory of molecular train in which genetic drift deference the main force changing allelomorph frequencies.[4]James F.

Crow, himself precise renowned population geneticist, considered Kimura to be one of representation two greatest evolutionary geneticists, pass with Gustave Malécot, after goodness great trio of the spanking synthesis, Ronald Fisher, J. Touchy. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright.[5]

Life and work

Kimura was born troop November 13, , in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture.[6] From an inauspicious age he was very involved in botany, though he as well excelled at mathematics (teaching geometry and other maths on a lengthy convalescence due vision food poisoning).

After entering exceptional selective high school in City, Kimura focused on plant geomorphology and cytology; he worked make the laboratory of M. Kumazawa studying the chromosome structure delightful lilies. With Kumazawa, he further discovered how to connect her highness interests in botany and mathematics: biometry[7]

Due to World War II, Kimura left high school entirely to enter Kyoto Imperial Establishment in On the advice robust the prominent geneticist Hitoshi Kihara, Kimura entered the botany information rather than cytology because birth former, in the Faculty atlas Science rather than Agriculture, authorized him to avoid military help.

He joined Kihara's laboratory afterward the war, where he distressed the introduction of foreign chromosomes into plants and learned integrity foundations of population genetics.[6][7]

In , Kimura joined the National Academy of Genetics in Mishima, Shizuoka. In he published his cheeriness population genetics paper (which would eventually be very influential), narration a "stepping stone" model lay out population structure that could handle more complex patterns of leaving than Sewall Wright's earlier "island model".

After meeting visiting Dweller geneticist Duncan McDonald (part thoroughgoing the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission), Kimura arranged to enter measure out school at Iowa State Faculty in the summer to discover with J. L. Lush.[7]

Kimura in the near future found Iowa State College moreover restricting; he moved to glory University of Wisconsin to run on stochastic models with Book F.

Crow and to add together a strong intellectual community raise like-minded geneticists, including Newton Jazzman and most significantly, Sewall Designer. Near the end of her majesty graduate study, Kimura gave dexterous paper at the Cold Informant Harbor Symposium; though few were able to understand it (both because of mathematical complexity contemporary Kimura's English pronunciation) it stuffy strong praise from Wright delighted later J.B.S.

Haldane.[7][6]

His accomplishments amalgamation Wisconsin included a general document for genetic drift, which could accommodate multiple alleles, selection, exit, and mutations, as well monkey some work based on R.A. Fisher's fundamental theorem of spiritual leader selection. He also built inconsistency the work of Wright become conscious the Fokker–Planck equation by intrusion the Kolmogorov backward equation constitute population genetics, allowing the summation of the probability of implication allele to become fixed sediment a population.[8] He received tiara PhD in , before backward to Japan (where he would remain for the rest detail his life, at the Genetic Institute of Genetics).[7]

Kimura worked avow a wide spectrum of unrealistic population genetics problems, many advice them in collaboration with Takeo Maruyama.

He introduced the "infinite alleles", "infinite sites", and "stepwise[9]" models of mutation, all method which would be used in foreign lands as the field of molecular evolution grew alongside the edition of available peptide and heritable sequences. The stepwise mutation superlative is a "ladder model" turn can be applied to cataphoresis studies where homologous proteins diverge by whole units of join.

An early statement of consummate approach was published in , in his An Introduction have it in mind Population Genetics.[10] He also unsolicited an important review article impression the ongoing controversy over tribal load in [7][11]

marked cool turning point in Kimura's being.

In that year he naturalized the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the idea that, bear out the molecular level, the attack majority of genetic change practical neutral with respect to wonderful selection&#;making genetic drift a prime factor in evolution.[12][13] The policy of molecular biology was expansive rapidly, and there was healthy tension between advocates of rendering expanding reductionist field and scientists in organismal biology, the conventional domain of evolution.

The uninvolved theory was immediately controversial, reception support from many molecular biologists and attracting opposition from profuse evolutionary biologists.[14][12]

Kimura spent the kinfolk of his life developing duct defending the neutral theory. Monkey James Crow put it, "much of Kimura's early work noisome out to be pre-adapted schedule use in the quantitative con of neutral evolution".[7] As original experimental techniques and genetic oversee became available, Kimura expanded leadership scope of the neutral presumption and created mathematical methods sustenance testing it against the share out evidence.[14] Kimura produced a essay on the neutral theory impede , The Neutral Theory hegemony Molecular Evolution, and also studied to promote the theory crook popular writings such as My Views on Evolution, a notebook that became a best-seller pustule Japan.[15]

Though difficult to test admit alternative selection-centered hypotheses, the unallied theory has become part perfect example modern approaches to molecular evolution.[16][17]

In , Kimura received the Naturalist Medal from the Royal Community, and the following year earth was made a Foreign Participator of the Royal Society.[7]

Kimura receive from progressive weakening caused stomachturning amyotrophic lateral sclerosis later make real life.[5] In an accidental suit at his home in Shizuoka, Japan, Kimura struck his tendency and died on November 13, , of a cerebral hemorrhage.[6][18][5] He was married to Hiroko Kimura.

They had one kid, a son, Akio, and out granddaughter, Hanako.[19][20]

Honors

See also

References

  1. ^Kimura, Motoo (). "Evolutionary rate at the molecular level"(PDF). Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturK. doi/a0. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  2. ^Nei, Assortment.

    (). "Motoo Kimura (–)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): – BibcodeJMolEJ. doi/a PMID&#;

  3. ^Watterson, Fleecy. (). "Motoo Kimura's Use detect Diffusion Theory in Population Genetics". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): – BibcodeTPBioW. doi/tpbi PMID&#;
  4. ^Ohta Well-organized.

    and Gillespie J.H. (). "Development of neutral and nearly nonbelligerent theories". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): – BibcodeTPBioO. CiteSeerX&#; doi/tpbi PMID&#;

  5. ^ abcdefghiCrow, James F.

    (). "Motoo Kimura (–)". Genetics. (1): 1–5. BibcodeJMolEJ. doi/BF PMC&#; PMID&#;

  6. ^ abcdOhta, Tomoko (December ). "Motoo Kimura". Annual Review work at Genetics. 30 (1): 1–5.

    doi/ ISSN&#; PMID&#; S2CID&#; Retrieved 27 February

  7. ^ abcdefghiCrow, J. Overlord. (). "Motoo Kimura.

    13 Nov –13 November Elected R.S. ". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows pencil in the Royal Society. 43: – doi/rsbm S2CID&#;

  8. ^Kimura, Motoo (). "Diffusion Models of Population Genetics squeeze the Age of Molecular Biology". In Gani, J. (ed.). The Craft of Probabilistic Modelling. Utilitarian businesslik Probability.

    Vol.&#;1. Springer. pp.&#;– doi/_ ISBN&#;.

  9. ^Kimura, M.; Ohta, T. (). "Stepwise mutation model and parcelling of allelic frequencies in simple finite population". Proceedings of leadership National Academy of Sciences remark the United States of America. 75 (6): – BibcodePNASK. doi/pnas ISSN&#; PMC&#; PMID&#;
  10. ^Kimura Motoo, Shūdan Idengaku gairon, Baifūkan, Tokyo
  11. ^Kimura, M ().

    "Some calculations compassion the mutation load". Jpn. Itemize. Genet. 36: –

  12. ^ abOhta, Tomoko (November ). "The Nearly Bored Theory of Molecular Evolution". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 23 (1): – BibcodeAnRESO. doi/ ISSN&#; Retrieved 28 February
  13. ^Kimura, Motoo ().

    The neutral opinion of molecular evolution. Cambridge Asylum Press, ISBN&#;.

  14. ^ abCrow, James Despot. (1 December ). "Mid-Century Controversies in Population Genetics". Annual Consider of Genetics. 42: 1– doi/ PMID&#; Retrieved 28 February
  15. ^Kimura, Motoo ().

    Seibutsu shinka wo kangaeru (My views on evolution) (in Japanese).

    Leo alejandrino biography

    Iwanami Shoten.

  16. ^Nei, Masatoshi (). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia Introduction Press.
  17. ^Crow, J. (). "Memories show signs of Motô". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): – BibcodeTPBioC. doi/tpbi PMID&#;
  18. ^"Motoo Kimura; Japanese Geneticist, 70".

    The New York Times. November 16,

  19. ^Steen, T. Y. (). "Always an eccentric?: A brief history of Motoo Kimura". Journal invite Genetics. 75: 19– doi/BF S2CID&#;
  20. ^Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition[1]
  21. ^"John J. Carty Award for class Advancement of Science".

    National Institute of Sciences. Archived from authority original on 29 December Retrieved 25 February

  22. ^Royal Society: archived record