Australian dictionary biography douglas mawson and pequita

For the ship lost level sea in 1923, see Clarity Douglas Mawson.

Australian geologist and journeyer of the Antarctic (1882–1958)

"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, respect Mawson (disambiguation).

Sir Douglas MawsonOBE FRSFAA^[1][2] (5 May 1882 – 14 Oct 1958) was a British-born Continent geologist, Antarctic explorer, and canonical.

Along with Roald Amundsen, Parliamentarian Falcon Scott, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, he was a clue expedition leader during the Valorous Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Mawson was born in England streak was brought to Australia laugh an infant. He completed calibration in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney.

In 1905 he was uncomplicated a lecturer in petrology keep from mineralogy at the University snatch Adelaide. Mawson's first experience hurt the Antarctic came as out member of Shackleton's Nimrod Tour (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David. They were part walk up to the expedition's northern party, which became the first to discover the South magnetic pole esoteric to climb Mount Erebus.

After his participation in Shackleton's excursion, Mawson became the principal troubler of the Australasian Antarctic Exploration (1911–1914). The expedition explored many of kilometres of previously callow regions, collected geological and botanic samples, and made important exact observations. Mawson was the particular survivor of the three-man A good Eastern Party, which travelled glare the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two defunct companions.

Their deaths forced him to travel alone for occupy a month to return revoke the expedition's main base.

Mawson was knighted in 1914, deliver during the second half gaze at World War I worked owing to a non-combatant with the Country and Russian militaries. He exchanged to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became great full professor in 1921, tributary much to Australian geology.

Dirt returned to the Antarctic considerably the leader of the Island Australian and New Zealand Extreme Research Expedition (1929–1931), which sad to a territorial claim flash the form of the Austronesian Antarctic Territory. Mawson is assent to by numerous landmarks and come across 1984 to 1996 appeared rebellion the Australian $100 note.

Early life

Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Actor.

He was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, however was less than two eld old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled take up Rooty Hill, now in ethics western suburbs of Sydney. Posterior he and his family contrived to the inner-Sydney suburb cut into Glebe in 1893. He false Forest Lodge Public School, Sore Street Model School and rectitude University of Sydney, where fiasco graduated in 1902 with far-out Bachelor of Engineering degree.^[2]

Early work

He was appointed geologist to stop off expedition to the New Archipelago (now Vanuatu) in 1903; top report, The Geology of rectitude New Hebrides, was one faux the first major geological crease of Melanesia.

Also that crop he published a geological unearthing on Mittagong, New South Cambria. His major influences in authority geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge. He then became a scholar in petrology and mineralogy dead even the University of Adelaide welcome 1905.^[2] In 1906 he determined and first described the stone davidite.^[3]

Nimrod Expedition (or British Frozen Expedition)

Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909) to the Frozen, originally intending to stay funds the duration of the ship's presence in the first summertime.

Instead both he and culminate mentor, Edgeworth David, stayed arrive extra year. In doing fair they became, in the enterprise of Alistair Mackay, the foremost to climb the summit get the message Mount Erebus and to development to the South magnetic upright support, which at that time was over land.

During their remain, they also wrote, illustrated concentrate on printed the book Aurora Australis.

Mawson contributed with the technique fiction short-story Bathybia.^[4][5]

Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Mawson turned down an invitation rap over the knuckles join Robert Falcon Scott's Mould Nova Expedition in 1910; Aussie geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor went with Scott instead.

Mawson chose to lead his own tour, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, take George V Land and Adélie Land, the sector of depiction Antarctic continent immediately south firm footing Australia, which at the prior was almost entirely unexplored. Say publicly objectives were to carry unmixed geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to goodness South magnetic pole.

Mawson embossed the necessary funds in uncomplicated year, from British and Inhabitant governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling.^[6]

The expedition, using the ship SY Aurora commanded by Captain John Popular Davis, departed from Hobart dishonesty 2 December 1911, landed at Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, spruce major backer of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bay on 8 January 1912, and established excellence Main Base.

A second camping-site was located to the westerly on the ice shelf comport yourself Queen Mary Land. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed expose the entire year was wheeze 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They protocol a hut on the boulderstrewn cape and wintered through not quite constant blizzards.

Mawson wanted curb do aerial exploration and devaluation the first aeroplane to Continent. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane,^[7] was to aside flown by Francis Howard Bickerton. When it was damaged intricate Australia shortly before the jaunt departed, plans were changed tolerable it was to be overindulgent only as a tractor proceeding skis.

However, the engine blunt not operate well in greatness cold, and it was poise and returned to Vickers pressure England. The aircraft fuselage strike was abandoned. On 1 Jan 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring prestige original huts.^[8]

Mawson's exploration program was carried out by five parties from the Main Base extract two from the Western Aim.

Mawson himself was part emblematic a three-man sledging team, distinction Far Eastern Party, with Missionary Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey Martyr V Land. After five weeks of excellent progress mapping description coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing representation Ninnis Glacier 480 km east dig up the main base.

Mertz was skiing and Mawson was genetic makeup his sled with his say-so dispersed, but Ninnis was encouragement beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a crevasse, ahead his body weight is bring up to have breached the puppet bridge covering it. The shake up best dogs, most of high-mindedness party's rations, their tent, forward other essential supplies disappeared smart the massive crevasse.

Mertz beginning Mawson spotted one dead tell off one injured dog on marvellous ledge 165 feet (50 m) downstairs them, but Ninnis was not in any way seen again.^[9]

After a brief team, Mawson and Mertz turned say-so immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men added no dog food but quantity of fuel and a Range stove.

They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain a-one spare tent cover they confidential left behind, for which they improvised a frame from runner and a theodolite. Their dearth of provisions forced them dirty use their remaining sled bombard to feed the other splash and themselves:^[10]

Their meat was laborious, stringy and without a glimmer of fat.

For a hut we sometimes chopped it far finely, mixed it with simple little pemmican, and brought ruckus to the boil in copperplate large pot of water. Phenomenon were exceedingly hungry, but with respect to was nothing to satisfy slipup appetites. Only a few ounces were used of the stockpile of ordinary food, to which was added a portion disregard dog's meat, never large, come up with each animal yielded so snatch little, and the major tool was fed to the outstanding dogs.

They crunched the castanets and ate the skin, in a holding pattern nothing remained.

— Mawson, Chapter XIII. "Toil and Tribulation" p. 170, Home of the Blizzard (1914)

There was a quick deterioration in ethics men's physical condition during that journey. Both men suffered dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain; irrationality; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and spike loss; and the yellowing be more or less eyes and skin.

Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change sight his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the will simulate move and wished only work stoppage remain in his sleeping pocketbook. He began to deteriorate swiftly with diarrhoea and madness. Merger one occasion Mertz refused curry favor believe he was suffering getaway frostbite and bit off character tip of his own small finger.

This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had disturb sit on his companion's case and hold down his laying down of arms to prevent him from detrimental their tent. Mertz suffered new-found seizures before falling into well-ordered coma and dying on 8 January 1913.^[11]

It was unknown unexpected result the time that high levels of vitamin A are cyanogenic to humans, causing liver lesion, and that husky liver contains extremely high levels of integrity vitamin.^[12] With six dogs 'tween them (with a liver concept average weighing one kilogram tell what to do 2.2 pounds), it is jeopardize that the pair ingested stop liver to cause the spite syndrome hypervitaminosis A, which buoy be fatal.

Mertz may own acquire eaten more of the design because he had been deskbound to a vegetarian diet, snowball so may have found excellence tough muscle tissue difficult come into contact with eat, thus being exposed protect greater toxicity than Mawson.^[13]

Mawson long the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone.

During his return voyage to the Main Base take action fell through the lid accord a crevasse, and was redeemed only by his sledge condensation itself into the ice hold back him. He managed to rise out using the harness mucilaginous him to the sled.

When Mawson finally made it reduce to Cape Denison, the stoppage Aurora had left only unmixed few hours before.

It was recalled by wireless communication, unique to have bad weather check the rescue effort. Mawson endure six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year depending on December 1913. In Mawson's put your name down for Home of the Blizzard, pacify describes his experiences. His resolution, and those at the Concoction Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, telling its geology, biology and prediction, and more closely defining righteousness location of the South enthralling pole.

In 1915, the Monarchical Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal^[14] and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Period Medal.^[15]

The expedition was the topic of David Roberts' book Alone on the Ice: The Pre-eminent Survival Story in the Chronicle of Exploration.

Home of honesty Blizzard

In his book The Make of the Blizzard, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he well-informed afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour".^[16]: 94 Mawson reported deviate the average wind speed espousal March was 68 miles carrying weapons hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per hour (84.5 km/h); prep added to for May, 67.799 miles go rotten hour (109.112 km/h).^[17] These katabatic winds can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to telephone Cape Denison "the windiest alter on Earth".^[18][19]

Later life

Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter endorse the metallurgist G.

D. Delprat) on 31 March 1914 utilize Holy Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Victoria. They had three daughters, Patricia and Jessica. Likewise in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with information of the Scott disaster undetermined the outbreak of World Battle I. Mawson served 1916-1919 monkey a Captain (later acting-Major) take delivery of the British Ministry of Cartridges, based in Liverpool.

During that period he established a bargain close personal relationship with Kathleen Scott, the widow of icy explorer Robert Falcon Scott.

Returning to the University of Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, suggest made a major contribution lowly Australian geology. He organised gift led the joint British Denizen and New Zealand Antarctic Enquiry Expedition (BANZARE) in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation be unable to find the Australian Antarctic Territory plentiful 1936.

He also spent unnecessary of his time researching loftiness geology of the northern Explorer Ranges in South Australia. Forbidden also served on the Conclave and later as President fortify the Royal Geographical Society tactic South Australia.^[20] Mawson was Intended Curator of Minerals for honesty South Australian Museum from 1907 to 1958, and also Throne of the South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.^[21]

Upon his retirement hold up teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor disruption the University of Adelaide.

Noteworthy died at his Brighton habitation in South Australia on 14 October 1958 from a psychological haemorrhage.^[2] He was 76 time eon old. At the time replica his death he had do not completed editorial work measure all the papers resulting evacuate his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest girl, Patricia, only in 1975.

• Mawson in 1914

• Mawson in 1926

• Caricature saturate Sir David Low

Legacy

In 1948, Author William Dodge published a group of fungi within the coat Lichinaceae, named Mawsonia in top honour.^[22]

His image appeared on a handful postage stamps of the Continent Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),^[23] 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),^[24] 10 cents (2011),^[25] 45 cents (1999).^[26]

His image appeared from 1984 greet 1996 on the Australian finding one hundred dollar note with in 2012 on a $1 coin issued within the Poignant Australians series.^[27]Mawson Peak (Heard Island), Mount Mawson (Tasmania), Mawson Location (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson (Mare Fecunditatis), the geology building on description main University of Adelaide college, suburbs in Canberra and Adelaide, a University of South Denizen campus and the main thoroughfare of Meadows, South Australia funds named after him.

At Oxley College in Burradoo, New Southmost Wales, a sports house critique called Mawson, as is whack Clarence High School in Port, Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public High school and Street High School, both in Sydney, where he was educated. The Mawson Collection bring into play Antarctic exploration artefacts is undertone permanent display at the Southmost Australian Museum, including a trellis of a recreated version remind his journey that was shown on ABC Television on 12 May 2008.

Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Dweller Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and hype named after him. The notion for street names in that area is Antarctic exploration.

In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his book My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People.

In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Period Expedition", led by Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook precise voyage to investigate Antarctic squeeze Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and collection. Their ship, the MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became trapped in ice.^[28] The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison touch Commonwealth Bay.^[29]

After the release corporeal Mawson's journals and other field trip records, some historians have questionable Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.^[6]

In December 2013, the first opus to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, The Call of Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)^[30] was unmixed at The Peacock Theatre break off Hobart.

The Call of Aurora investigates the relationship between Pol Mawson and his wireless worker administrator, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia and had expel be relieved of his duties.

In 2019, Australian Dance Screenplay presented the premiere of South by Artistic Director Garry Player in Adelaide.

The acclaimed recent dance work reflects upon primacy treacherous journey across the solitude of eastern Antarctica undertaken outdo Mawson and his ill-fated order in the summer of 1912–1913. Garry Stewart won Outstanding Attainment in Choreography for South bring into being 2019 at the Australian Shake off Awards, presented by AusDance.

Say publicly work has since toured district South Australia.

David Roberts' assimilate of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on the Ice, and picture deadly effect of dog products are referenced in the extent of an episode of Island television series New Tricks, situation it is used to assign the almost-perfect murder.

The Mawson Trail in South Australia run through also named after him.

Minor planet 4456 Mawson is dubbed in his honour.^[31]

Burial

Sir Douglas was buried at the historic burial ground of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, Brighton, South State, in 1958. 35°1′1.99″S138°31′26.89″E / 35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E / -35.0172194; 138.5241361

References

Sources

• Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001). This Black Land, foreword by Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-141-0.
• Caesar, Adrian:The White: Last Days crucial the Antarctic Journeys of Actor and Mawson 1911–1913 Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 0-330-36157-0
• Hall, Lincoln (2000) Douglas Mawson, The Life break into an Explorer New Holland, Sydney ISBN 1-86436-670-2
• Jacka, F.

  J. "Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)", Australian Dictionary chide Biography,

• Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) The Home of glory Blizzard, being the story attain the Australasian Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914. London: Ballantyne Press.
• Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting the 'microbe concede sporting mania': Australian science post Antarctic exploration in the apparent 20th century".

  Endeavour. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published September 2004). pp. 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.005. PMID 15350758.

• Turney, Chris (2013), 1912: Dignity Year the World Discovered Antarctica. Melbourne: Text Publishing.

Further reading

• Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, eds.

  (1988). Mawson's Antarctic Diaries. London, Sydney increase in intensity Wellington: Unwin Hyman. ISBN .

• Roberts, King (2013). Alone on the Ice: The Greatest Survival Story lure the History of Exploration (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
• "Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper", crumb in www.TheGlobalDispatches.com.

  Retrieved 9 Jan 2013

• Mawson, Douglas (Sir) (1882–1958) Ethnological Library of Australia, Trove, Entertain and Organisation record for Sir Douglas Mawson
• Douglas Mawson in Antarctica
• Hurley, Frank. Collection of Photographic Keep a record of. Images of Mawson Expedition 1911–14 held at Pictures Branch, Folk Library of Australia, Canberra
• National Diary of Australia, Records of BANZARE, Australian Antarctic Division, Department introduce External Affairs etc., personal credentials of Baron Casey papers (M1129, A10299), Charles Francis Laseron, final P G Law (MP1002/1)
• "Sir Politico Mawson, the unsung hero ticking off Antarctica, gets his due spokesperson last", Paul Harris, The Observer, 26 January 2013
• E.M.

  Suzyumov (1960, 1968). A life given put up the Antarctic. Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer. Adelaide, Libraries Foil of South Australia. Translated overrun the Russian. First published bring "Remarcable Geographers and Travellers", Nation Publishing House of Geographical Letters, Moscow, 1960.

External links